Bms 404 Exam 1

Front 1

Central Nervous System

Back 1

brain & spinal cord

Front 2

Peripheral Nervous system

Back 2

nerves from brain/spinal cord & muscles, glands, & sense organs. consists of two divisions: autonomic system & somatic system

Front 3

Autonomic nervous system

Back 3

consists of two divisions: sympathetic (emergency) and parasympathetic (rest & digest)

Front 4

somatic nervous system

Back 4

controls skeletal muscle

Front 5

oligodendrocytes

Back 5

form myelin on CN axons. one oligodendrocyte may branch to as many as 40 axons

Front 6

Schwann cell

Back 6

represent the PNS glial cells; part of the PNS; form myelnin on peripheral neuronal axons; one schwann cell to one axon.

Front 7

axon transport

Back 7

movement in order to maintain structure/function of cell axon, organelles & materials. must be moved as much as one meter from cell body, whhere they are made to axon & its terminals

Front 8

linking proteins

Back 8

travel along microtubule (rail) & act as motors. made up of two: kinesins & dyneins

Front 9

kinesins

Back 9

anterograde, move toward axon termianl

Front 10

dyneins

Back 10

retrograde, move toward neuron cell body

Front 11

interneurons

Back 11

serve as signal-chargers or gatekeepers; only in central nervous system; communication between afferent and efferent neurons

Front 12

synapse

Back 12

anatomically specialized junction between 2 neurons where one neuron alters the electrical & chemical actiity of another

Front 13

glial cells

Back 13

make up 90% of cells in CNS; 3 types: oligodendrocytes, astroglia, microglia

Front 14

astroglia

Back 14

help reguglate teh extracellular fluid composition, sustain the neurons metabolically (providign glucose, removing ammonia), form blood-brain barrier, serve as guides for developing neurons

Front 15

microglia

Back 15

provide immune functions

Front 16

cell adhesion molecules & neurotropic factors

Back 16

important for axon growth

Front 17

equilibrium potentials

Back 17

deal w/ relationship between membrane potential & concentration gradient.

Front 18

nernst equation

Back 18

describes equilibrium potential for any ion species; its the electrical potential necessary to balance a given ionic concentration gradient across a membrane so that net flux equals zero.

Front 19

goldman equation

Back 19

expanded version of nernst equation; takes into account of individual ion permeability

Front 20

synaptotagmin

Back 20

specific protein in axon termianl that Ca binds to

Front 21

receptor desensitization

Back 21

only in some systems, a receptor responds once & then temporarily fails to respond despite the continued presence of teh receptor's neurotransmitter

Front 22

Axo-axonal communications

Back 22

is "communication" between a presynaptic axon & another axon; modifies classical synaptic communication

Front 23

neuromodulators

Back 23

messengers that elicit complex responses that cannot be simply described as EPSPs or IPSPs. they often modify the postsynaptic cell's response to specific neurotransmitters, amplifying or dampening the effectiveness of ongoin synaptic activity. they may also change the presynaptic cell's synthesis, release, reuptake, or metabolism of a transmitter.

Front 24

sensory system

Back 24

part of NS that consists of sensory receptor cells that receive stimuli from the external ro internal environment, the neural pathways that conduct info from receptors to the brain & spinal cord

Front 25

sensory information

Back 25

regardless of whether the info reaches consciousness

Front 26

sensation

Back 26

if info reaches the consciousness

Front 27

perception

Back 27

a person's understanding of the sensation meaning

Front 28

sensory receptors

Back 28

either specialized endings of afferent neurons or separate cells that temselves signal teh afferent neurons by the release of chemical messengers.
*change different energy forms (sound, light) into graded potentials that can initiate action potentials, which travel into the central nervous system

Front 29

stimulus

Back 29

energy that impinges upon & activates a sensory receptor

Front 30

stimulus transduction

Back 30

process y which a stimulus is transformed into an electrical response

Front 31

adequate stimulus

Back 31

tpe of energy to which a particular receptor responds in normal functioning. many types of sensory receptors, each of which responds much more readily to one form of energy than to others.

Front 32

adaptation

Back 32

is a decrease in receptor sensitivity, which result in a decrease in frequency of action potentials in an afferent neuron despite that the stimulus strength does not change. this helps prevent sensory overload.

Front 33

sensory coding

Back 33

conversion of receptor potentials ito a pattern of action potentials that conveys relevant sensory information to the CNS

Front 34

sensory unit

Back 34

consists of a single afferent neuron w/ all its receptor endings

Front 35

receptive field

Back 35

the portion of the body that when stimulated, leads to activity in apartiular afferent neuron

Front 36

rapidly adapting receptors

Back 36

at the onset of prolonged stimulation, fire a burst of action potentials followed by very slow firing or none at all. these receptors are good for detecting rapidly changing stimuli such as vibration

Front 37

slowly adapting receptors

Back 37

fire as long as timulation continues. they report maintained or slowly changing events like posture or pressure.

Front 38

specific ascending pathways

Back 38

pathways that carry informaiton about single types of stimuli

Front 39

nonspecific ascending pathways

Back 39

eurons in this passways are activated by sensory units of several general information.

Front 40

somatic sensation

Back 40

sensation from teh skin, muscles, bones, tendons, & joints; it is initiated by a variety of specialized somatic receptors