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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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11 components of mental status exam
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alertness/attention
orientation memory language gerstmann functions apraxia neglect sequencing logic delusions mood |
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2 forms of memory that should be tested
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recent
remote |
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6 forms of language that should be tested
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spontaneous speech
comprehension naming repetition reading writing |
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Gerstmann functions
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calculation
right-left confusion finger agnosia agraphia |
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5 kinds of cortex
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primary motor cortex
primary sensory cortex unimodal association cortex heteromodal association cortex limbic cortex |
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5 kinds of unimodal association cortex
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somatosensory
visual auditory premotor SMA |
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3 kinds of heteromodal association cortex
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prefrontal
parietal temporal |
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primary sensory and motor cortex is called ___ because ___
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heterotypic
layers are unequal |
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association cortex is called ___ because ___
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homotypic
layers are equal |
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L hemisphere is dominant in ___ of right handers and ___ of L handers
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95
60-70 |
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handedness usually appears at age ___
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3 years
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Wernicke's area is BA ___
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22
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Wernicke's area occupies ___ of ___
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posterior 2/3
superior temporal gyrus |
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Broca's area is BA ___
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44 and 45
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BA 44 and 45 are located in ___ gyrus
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inferior frontal
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BA 44 is called ___ of the inferior frontal gyrus
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pars opercularis
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BA 45 is called ___ of the inferior frontal gyrus
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pars triangularis
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3 parts of the inferior frontal gyrus from anterior to posterior
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pars orbitalis (BA 47)
pars triangularis (BA 45) pars opercularis (BA 44) |
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___ is best known connection between Wernicke's and Broca's areas
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arcuate fasciculus
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syntax is associated with ___ brain regions, whereas lexicon is associated with ___ brain regions
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anterior
posterior |
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4 anterior regions associated with speech production/syntax
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Broca's
PFC premotor cortex SMA |
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4 posterior regions associated with speech comprehension/lexicon
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Wernicke's
supramarginal gyrus angular gyrus inferior temporal language area |
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supramarginal gyrus is BA ___
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40
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angular gyrus is BA ___
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39
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inferior temporal language area is BA ___
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37
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___ is important way-station for written language information
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angular gyrus
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6 parts of language exam
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spontaneous speech
naming comprehension repetition reading writing |
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T/F: comprehension is completely intact in pure Broca's aphasia
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false: syntactic inference deficit present
(e.g. unable to interpret passive voice in "lion was killed by the tiger") |
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4 conditions associated with Broca's aphasia
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dysarthria
R hemiparesis apraxia depression |
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3 conditions associated with Wernicke's aphasia
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contralateral homonymous hemianopia
anosognosia angry/paranoid behavior |
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language disorder classification is based on ___ (3)
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fluency
comprehension repetition |
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4 aphasias with intact fluency
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Wernicke's
transcortical sensory conduction anomic |
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___ is aphasia with intact fluency, impaired comprehension, and impaired repetition
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Wernicke's
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___ is aphasia with intact fluency, impaired comprehension, and intact repetition
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transcortical sensory
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___ is aphasia with intact fluency, intact comprehension, and impaired repetition
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conduction
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___ is aphasia with intact fluency, intact comprehension, and intact repetition (but impaired naming)
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anomic
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4 aphasias with impaired fluency
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global
mixed transcortical Broca's transcortical motor |
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___ is aphasia with impaired fluency, impaired comprehension, and impaired repetition
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global
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___ is aphasia with impaired fluency, impaired comprehension, and intact repetition
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mixed transcortical
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___ is aphasia with impaired fluency, intact comprehension, and impaired repetition
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Broca's
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___ is aphasia with impaired fluency, intact comprehension, and intact repetition
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transcortical motor
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hallmark of transcortical aphasia is ___
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intact repeptition
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3 scenarios for transcortical aphasia
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watershed infarct
subcortical lesion recovery from other aphasia |
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classic cause of transcortical motor aphasia
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ACA-MCA watershed infarct
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agraphia without aphasia localizes to ___
it may be associated with ___ |
dominant inferior parietal lobule
Gerstmann's syndrome |
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2 parts of inferior parietal lobule, from anterior to posterior
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supramarginal gyrus
angular gyrus |
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supramarginal gyrus is superior to ___
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sylvian fissure
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angular gyrus is superior to ___
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superior temporal sulcus
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alexia without agraphia localizes to ___
it may be associated with ___ |
dominant occipital cortex + splenium of corpus callosum
color anomia |
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patients with alexia without agraphia can clasically do ___ (2) correctly
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name pictures presented in dominant VF
name words which are spelled out loud for them |
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alexia with agraphia localizes to ___
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dominant angular gyrus
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Gerstmann's syndrome localizes to ___
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dominant angular gyrus
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Gerstmann's syndrome comprises ___
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agraphia
acalculia left-right confusion finger agnosia |
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Gerstmann's syndrome may be associated with ___ (4)
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aphasia
alexia anomia VF deficit |
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aphemia is aka ___ (2)
it localizes to ___ when severe, aphemia can present as ___ |
verbal apraxia
foreign accent syndrome dominant frontal operculum muteness |
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cortical deafness localizes to ___
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bilateral lesions of Heschl's gyrus
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patient's with cortical deafness know ___ but not ___
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that a sound has occurred
what the sound was |
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pure word deafness is aka ___
patients with this can/can't read patients with this can/can't write |
verbal auditory agnosia
can can |
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pure word deafness localizes to ___
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dominant auditory cortex extending to white matter
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patients with nonverbal auditory agnosia can ___ but not ___
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understand speech
identify nonverbal sounds |
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nonverbal auditory agnosia localizes to ___
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nondominant hemisphere
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because of ___, dominant superior division MCA infarcts can combine ___ with ___
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projections from L Broca's area to R premotor cortex
Broca's aphasia L hand apraxia |
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L hemisphere attends to ___
R hemisphere attends to ___ |
R hemiworld
R and L hemiworlds |
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L hemineglect localizes to ___
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R parietal lobe
R frontal lobe |
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less frequent causes of L hemineglect include ___ (4)
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cingulate gyrus
thalamus BG midbrain |
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3 kinds of neglect
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sensory
motor conceptual |
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in motor neglect, patients do ___
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move neglected side less
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allesthesia means ___
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patient reports stimuli on neglected side as being on non-neglected side
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allokinesia means ___
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patient executes commands on non-neglected side when instructed to do them on neglected side
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3 delusion syndromes associated with R hemisphere lesions
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Capgras
Fregoli reduplicative paramnesia |
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in Capgras delusion patient thinks ___
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things are simulacra
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in Fregoli delusion patient thinks ___
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different things are the same
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in reduplicative paramnesia patient thinks ___
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things exist as two identical copies
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main projections of PFC are to ___ (2)
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association cortices
limbic cortex |
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amygdala connects to ___ (2) of frontal lobes via ___
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orbitofrontal cortex
medial uncinate fasciculus |
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frontal lobes connect to hippocampal formation via ___ (2)
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cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus |
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frontal lobes project primarily to ___ of thalamus
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mediodorsal n.
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3 categories of frontal lobe function
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restraint
initiative ordering |
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2 anatomic categories of frontal lobe lesion
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dorsolateral convexity
orbitofrontal |
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dorsolateral convexity lesions are thought to cause deficits in ___
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initiative
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orbitofrontal lesions are thought to cause deficits in ___
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restraint
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L frontal lesions are thought to cause ___
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depression
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R frontal lesions are thought to cause ___
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mania
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utilization behavior means ___
it is aka ___ |
responding to random environmental cues
environmental dependency |
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4 cranial exam maneuvers for frontal lobe function
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skull shape
olfaction saccades OKN |
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3 motor exam maneuvers for frontal lobe function
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motor impersistence
paratonia frontal release signs |
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in addition to frontal lobe, motor impersistence localizes to ___
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R parietal lobe
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cortical blindness is aka ___
it localizes to ___ |
Anton's syndrome
bilateral primary visual cortex lesions |
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Anton's sydrome includes ___
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anosognosia
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Anton's syndrome patient's have ___ blink to threat and ___ OKN
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absent
absent |
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prosopagnosia localizes to ___
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bilateral fusiform gyri
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fusiform gyri are located in ___
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inferior occipitotemporal lobe
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achromatopsia localizes to ___
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inferior occipitotemporal lobe
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T/F: achromatopsia always affects entire visual field
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false: can affect subfield contralateral to unilateral lesion
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color anomia is different from achromatopsia because ___
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patients with color anomia can see color
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color anomia localizes to ___
it is associated with ___ |
lesion of 1' visual cortex extending to corpus callosum
alexia without agraphia |
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3 other visual disturbances localizing to inferior occipitotemporal lobe
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macropsia
micropsia metamorphopsia |
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Balint's syndrome localizes to ___
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bilateral dorsolateral parieto-occipital cortex
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Balint's syndrome is comprised of ___
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ophthalmic apraxia
ocular ataxia simultanagnosia |
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2 kinds of brain regions involved in consciousness
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cortical
subcortical |
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2 cortical lobes involved in consciousness
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frontal
parietal |
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4 frontal regions involved in consciousness
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lateral frontal association cortex
anterior cingulate medial frontal cortex basal forebrain |
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4 parietal regions involved in consciousness
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lateral parietal association cortex
precuneus posterior cingulate retrosplenial cortex |
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4 subcortical regions involved in consciousness
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thalamus
hypothalamus upper brainstem |
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2 aspects of attention
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selectivity
vigilance (non-distractibility) |
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___ may play a role in gating information transfer through the thalamus
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nRT
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2 kinds of HTh cells which promote arousal
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HAergic
orexinergic |
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HAergic cells of HTh are located in ___ nucleus
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tuberomammillary
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4 causes of impaired attention
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encephalopathy
focal lesion ADHD AXIS 1 psych disorders |
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top 3 dementing neurodegenerative disorders IDOOF
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AD
DLB frontotemporal lobar degeneration |
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most common subtype of FTLD
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frontotemporal dementia
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histopath findings a/w FTLD
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TDP-43
tau |
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FTD is classically a/w ___ made of ___ on histopath but can have ___
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Pick bodies
tau TDP-43 |
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FTD can be a/w symptoms of ___
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ALS
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top 3 regions affected by AD in decreasing order of severity
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medial temporal lobe
baso-lateral temporal and temporo-occipital cortex frontal lobe |
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___ is implicated in increased risk of sporadic AD
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Apo-E4
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Apo-E4 does ___ and may be involved in ___
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lipid transport
amyloid plaque clearance |
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2 genes which cause familial AD
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APP
presenilin 1 presenilin 2 |
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APP is on chromosome ___
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21
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presenilin 1 is on chromosome ___
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14
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presenilin 1 is on chromosome ___
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1
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APP is ___
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precursor for amyloid beta
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presenilins do ___
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APP cleavage
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music hallucinations localize to one of ___ (2)
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nondominant transverse gyrus of Heschl
nondominant auditory association cortex |
