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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 functions of limbic system |
homeostasis
olfaction memory emotion |
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2 homeostatic systems driven by limbic system
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autonomic
neuroendocrine |
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9 components of limbic system
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olfactory cortex
limbic cortex hippocampal formation amygdala diencephalon (parts) BG (parts) basal forebrain septal nuclei brainstem (parts) |
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5 limbic cortices
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temporal pole
medial orbitofrontal cortex parahippocampal gyrus anterior insula cingulate gyrus |
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on ventral view ___ is lateral border of parahippocampal gyrus; as it continues anteriorly it becomes ___ at ___
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collateral sulcus
rhinal sulcus temporal pole |
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cingulate gyrus terminates anteriorly as ___ (2)
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subcallosal gyrus
paraterminal gyrus |
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cingulate gyrus terminates posteriorly as ___ which connects with ___
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isthmus
parahippocampal gyrus |
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4 kinds of cortical tissue
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neocortex
mesocortex allocortex corticoid |
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neocortex has ___ layers
it is aka ___ (2) |
6
isocortex neopallium |
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mesocortex is found in ___
it has ___ layers |
limbic cortex
between 3 and 6 |
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2 kinds of allocortex
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achicortex
paleocortex |
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archicortex is found in ___
it has ___ layers it is aka ___ |
hippocampal formation
3 archipallium |
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paleocortex is found in ___
it has ___ layers it is aka ___ |
piriform cortex
3 paleopallium |
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corticoid areas are ___ cortex which ___
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simple
merge with subcortical nuclei |
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3 corticoid areas
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amygdala
substantia innominata septal region |
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amygdala is comprised of ___ (4)
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corticomedial nucleus
central n. basolateral n. bed n. of stria terminalis |
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3 diencephalic structures which participate in limbic system
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thalamus
HTh habenula |
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habenula is part of ___
other components are ___ (3) |
epithalamus
pineal gland stria medullaris habenular commisure |
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2 thalamic nuclei which participate in limbic system
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mediodorsal
anterior |
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BG parts which participate in limbic system
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ventral striatum (esp NAcc)
ventral pallidum |
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limbic output from BG projects to ___ and from there to ___ (2)
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mediodorsal n. of thalamus
orbitofrontal cortex anterior cingulate cortex |
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basal forebrain is aka ___
it is located ___ with respect to ___ histologically it is ___ |
substantia innominata
anterolateral HTh collection of corticoid nuclei |
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basal forebrain includes ___ (5)
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n. basalis of meynert
olfactory tubercle ventral pallidum n. of the diagonal band of broca preoptic area |
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septal region nuclei lie caudal to ___
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subcallosal and paraterminal gyri
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2 septal nuclei
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medial septal n.
lateral septal n. |
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8 brainstem nuclei which participate in the limbic system
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interpeduncular n.
dorsal tegmental n. ventral tegmental n. parabrachial n. PAG reticular formation NTS DMN of X |
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5 inputs to fornix
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medial septal n.
n. of diagonal band subiculum hippocampus hippocampal formation |
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hippocampal formation includes ___
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hippocampus
dentate gyrus subiculum |
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medial septal n. projects via fornix to ___
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hippocampal formation
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n. of diagonal band projects via fornix to ___
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hippocampal formation
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subiculum projects via fornix to ___ (3)
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medial mammillary n.
lateral mammilary n. lateral septal n. |
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hippocampus projects via fornix to ___
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lateral septal n.
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hippocampal formation projects via fornix to ___
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anterior thalamic n.
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anterior part of anterior commisure transmits from ___ to ___
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anterior olfactory n.
contralateral ant. olfactory n. |
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posterior part of anterior commisure transmits from ___ (2) to ___ (2)
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amygdala
anterior temporal cortex respective contralateral structure |
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2 inputs to stria terminalis
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corticomedial amygdala
amygdala (all?) |
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corticomedial amygdala projects via stria terminalis to ___
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HTh
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amygdala (all) projects via stria terminalis to ___
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septal nuclei
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ventral amygdalofugal pathway has reciprocal connections between ___
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amygdala
brainstem nuclei |
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in addition to targeting brainstem nuclei, ventral amygdalofugal pathway transmits to ___ (3)
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HTh
n. basalis ventral striatum |
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medial forebrain bundle has reciprocal connections between ___
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amygdala and other forebrain structures
brainstem |
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stria medullaris transmits from ___ to ___
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medial septal nuclei
habenula |
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perforant pathway transmits from ___ to ___
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entorhinal cortex
dentate gyrus granule cells |
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alvear pathway transmits from ___ to ___
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entorhinal cortex
hippocampal pyramidal cells |
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soma of olfactory chemoreceptor is located in ___
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olfactory mucosa
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olfactory chemoreceptors are ___ neurons
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bipolar
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olfactory nerve refers to ___
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proximal axons of chemoreceptors
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axons of chemoreceptors travel through ___ and synapse in ___
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cribriform plate
olfactory bulb |
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olfactory chemoreceptors synapse with ___ (2) cells
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mitral
tufted |
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chemoreceptor synapses with mitral/tufted cells are called ___
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olfactory glomeruli
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olfactory bulb is located in ___
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olfactory sulcus
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olfactory sulcus separates ___ (2)
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gyrus rectus
orbitofrontal gyrus |
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mitral and tufted cells contribute to ___
this projects to ___ (2) |
olfactory tract
anterior olfactory nucleus primary olfactory cortex |
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olfactory tract projects to 1' olfactory cortex via ___
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lateral olfactory stria
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primary olfactory cortex is located ___ly
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anteromedial temporal lobe, just anterior to uncus
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primary olfactory cortex is comprised of ___ (2)
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piriform cortex
periamygdaloid cortex |
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3 limbic cortices on parahippocampal gyrus, from anterior to posterior
___ extends along the lateral aspect of all 3 |
1' olfactory cortex
entorhinal cortex parahippocampal cortex perirhinal cortex |
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in addition to olfactory cortex, olfactory tract projects to ___
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amygdala
olfactory tubercle |
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olfactory tract projects to ___ of amygdala
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corticomedial n.
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olfactory tubercle is located in ___ (structure)
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anterior perforated substance
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anterior perforated substance is located ___ly
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lateral to optic chiasm
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piriform cortex projects to ___
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oribitofrontal olfactory area
basolateral amygdala lateral preoptic area n. of diagonal band |
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piriform cortex projects to orbitofrontal olfactory area via ___
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thalamus and directly
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piriform cortex projects via ___ of thalamus
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mediodorsal n.
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3 kinds of brain structures critical for memory
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MTL memory areas
medial diencephalic memory areas white matter interconnections between the above |
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2 MTL memory areas
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hippocampal formation
parahippocampal gyrus |
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4 medial diencephalic memory areas
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mediodorsal n. of thalamus
anterior n. of thalamus mammillary bodies other n.s lining 3rd ventricle |
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3 components of hippocampal formation, in embryological proximal-distal order
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subiculum
hippocampus dentate gyrus |
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during hippocampal formation development, ___ folds medially onto ___ and ___ folds laterally onto ___
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dentate gyrus
hippocampus subiculum parahippocampal gyrus |
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3 cell layers of dentate gyrus, from superficial to deep
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molecular
granule cell polymorphic |
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3 cell layers of hippocampus/subiculum
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molecular
pyramidal cell polymorphic |
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___ layers of DG and hippocampus/subiculum meet and form ___
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molecular
hippocampal sulcus |
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hippocampal sulcus is medial to ___
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choroid fissure
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choroid fissure is comprised of ___
it extends between ___ and ___ |
apposed pia and ependyma
fornix thalamus |
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___ penetrates choroid fissure most inferiorly to perfuse ___
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anterior choroid a.
choroid plexus of temporal horn |
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___ penetrates choroid fissure most posteriorly to perfuse ___
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lateral posterior choroid a.
choroid plexus of atrium |
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choroid plexus of 3rd ventricle is perfused by ___ which penetrates ___ from ___
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medial posterior choroid a.
roof of 3rd ventricle transverse cerebral fissure |
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anterior end of hippocampal formation is called ___
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pes hippocampi
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posterior end of hippocampal formation is at ___
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splenium of corpus callosum
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___ is a vestigial extension of hippocampal formation along ___
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indusium griseum
dorsal surface of corpus callosum |
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___ in parahippocampal gyrus is main input to hippocampal formation
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entorhinal cortex
|
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perirhinal cortex extends along ____ of ____
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medial and lateral walls
rhinal sulcus |
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2 circuits from EC to hippocampal formation and back
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perforant pathway
alvear pathway |
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both perforant and alvear pathways receive inputs from ___ (2) of EC
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layer 2
layer 3 |
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soma of 1st cell of perforant pathway is in ___
it synapses in ___ |
layer 2/3 of EC
granule cell layer of DG |
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soma of 2nd cell of perforant pathway is in ___
it synapses in ___ |
granule cell layer of DG
CA3 pyramidal cell layer of hippocampus |
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DG granule cell axons projecting to hippocampus are called ___
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mossy fibers
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soma of 3rd neuron in perforant pathway is in ___
it projects to ___ (2) |
CA3
fornix CA1 |
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CA3 axons projecting to CA1 are called ___
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Schaffer collaterals
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soma of 4th neuron in perforant pathway is in ___
it projects to ___ (2) |
CA1
fornix subiculum |
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soma of 5th neuron in perforant pathway is in ___
it projects to ___ (2) |
subiculum
fornix EC |
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1st neuron in alvear pathway is in ___
it projects to ___ (2) |
layer 2/3 of EC
CA1 CA3 |
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2nd neuron and later in alvear pathway is the same as ___ in perforant
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3rd neuron and later
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hippocampus receives input from contralateral hippocampus via ___
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hippocampal commisure
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hippocampal commisure is shaped like ___ and located ___
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membrane
between the crura and bodies of both fornices |
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hippocampus receives cholinergic inputs from ___ (2)
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medial septal n. n. of diagonal band |
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hippocampal outputs on ventricular surface are called ___ anteriorly
as they run posteriorly they become ___ |
alveus
fimbria of fornix |
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fornix splits into ___ at ___
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precommissural fornix
postcomissural fornix anterior commisure |
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___ fornix continues to mammilary body
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postcommisural
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3 kinds of targets for hippocampofugal fibers in fornix
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HTh
thalamus lateral septal nucleus |
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___ fibers in fornix project to ___ (2) in HTh
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postcommisural
medial mammilary n. lateral mammilary n. |
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___ fibers in fornix project to ___ in thalamus
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postcommissural (?)
anterior n. |
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___ fibers in fornix project to lateral septal n.
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precommisural
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in 1st step of circuit of Papez,
___ projects to ___ via ___ |
subiculum
medial and lateral mammillary n. fornix |
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in 2nd step of circuit of Papez,
___ projects to ___ via ___ |
medial mammilary n.
anterior n. of thalamus mammillothalamic tract |
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in 3rd step of circuit of Papez,
___ projects to ___ via ___ |
anterior n. of thalamus
cingulate gyrus internal capsule |
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in 4th step of circuit of Papez,
___ projects to ___ via ___ |
cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus cingulate bundle |
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cingulate bundle is aka ___
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cingulum
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in 5th step of circuit of Papez,
___ projects to ___ |
parahippocampal gyrus
entorhinal cortex/hippocampal formation |
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2 memory functions operating at timescale <1 second
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attention
registration |
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2 structures subserving attention/registration
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reticular activating system (esp diencephalic)
cortex (frontoparietal association networks, uni/heteromodal) |
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memory function operating at timescale of seconds-minutes
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working memory
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structure subserving working memory
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cortex (frontal association networks, uni/heteromodal)
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memory function operating at timescale minutes-years
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consolidation
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3 structures subserving consolidation
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MTL structures
medial diencephalic memory structures cortex (uni/heteromodal) |
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structure subserving memory at timescale >years
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cortex (uni/heteromodal)
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2 kinds of amnesia exhibited by patients with MTL lesions
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retrograde
anterograde |
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retrograde amnesia means ___
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amnesia for events before insult
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anterograde amnesia means ___
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amnesia for events after insult
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retrograde amnesia for MTL insults is often ___
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graded
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graded retrograde amnesia means ___
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worst for events immediately preceding insult, less severe earlier
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___ is largest nucleus of amygdala (in humans)
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basolateral
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basolateral n. of amygdala projects to ___ (3)
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cortex
basal forebrain thalamus |
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corticomedial n. of amygdala does ___ (2)
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olfaction
appetite |
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corticomedial n. of amygdala projects to ___ to drive appetite
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HTh
|
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central n. of amygdala does ___
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autonomic control
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central n. of amygdala projects to ___ (2)
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HTh
brainstem |
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activity in ___ is associated with pleasure
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septal area
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lesions of septal area cause ___
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sham rage (good band name)
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amygdala connects with ___ (3) kinds of structures
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cortical
subcortical olfactory |
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amygdala connects anteriorly with ___ (2 cortices) via ___
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medial orbitofrontal |
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3 connections between amygdala and subcortical structures of these, ___ (2) go to HTh and septal area |
stria terminalis medial forebrain bundle ventral amygdalofugal pathway medial forebrain bundle
|
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stria terminalis is located ___ to caudate n.
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medial |
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3 areas with subtly reduced volume in schizophrenia
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amygdala
hippocampal formation parahippocampal gyrus |
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3 regions implicated in OCD
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caudate
cingulate gyrus orbitofrontal cortex |
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L frontal lesions cause ___ mood
R frontal lesions cause ___ mood |
depressed
elevated |