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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What parasite in Phylum apicomplexa causes the disease we most concerned with?
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PLASMODIUM, which causes MALARIA
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What are the four species of Plasmodium?
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1. vivax
2. falciparum 3. malariae 4. ovale |
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what are the diseases caused by malaria?
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PICCMMART
Paludism, Intermittent fever Chagres fever,Coastal fever Malaria, Marsh fever, Ague, Roman fever, Tropical fever |
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What is the definitive host of Plasmodium?
What is the intermediate host? |
Definitive: Female anopheles mosquito
Intermediate: Humans, other animals |
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What is the Geographic distribution of malaria?
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in the Malarial belt:
-Africa -South/Central America -Southeast Asia |
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what are the 2 main compoments of the Plasmodium life cycle?
-in which host does each take place? |
-Sporogeny = sexual, in mosquitos.
-Schizony = asexal, in humans |
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What terms denote species with
-48 hr cycle -72 hr cycle -Which species belong to each? |
48hr = Tertian Cycle; all species except Malariae.
72hr = Quatern cycle, P.malariae |
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In what order are the stages of malarial infections seen on a thin smear?
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-Troph
-Schizont -Gametocytes |
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Which species of Plasmodium have very similar morphologies?
What makes them similar? |
Vivax and Ovale.
-makes RBCs Macrocytic -species are v. motile -Tertian (48 hr) -Schuffner's dots are seen -both can cause relapse |
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Which species don't cause relapse?
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P. malariae
P. falciparum |
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Which species of Plasmodium causes normocytic RBCs?
What other notes make it unique? |
P. malariae
-also low motility -the only QUARTERN species -Schizonts have ROSETTE look. |
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Which species has crescent shaped gametocytes?
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P. falciparum
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What characteristics and morphology are used to I.D. P. falciparum?
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-36-48 hr cycle - works faster!
-VARIOUS sized RBCs -More than 1 parasite/cell -Most resistant, but doesn't show relapse. |
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Why is P. falciparum the worst species?
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becasue it infects both young and old RBCs, over 50%.
The other species only infect 2-4% of the RBCs. |
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What 4 things are used to treat malaria?
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QMCWAP
1. Quinine/Mefloquine 2. Chloroquine 3. Wormwood extract 4. Artemisinin + Piperaquine is the Chloroquine-resistant treatment. |
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What are the 4 possible forms of malaria pathology/symptomology?
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1. Usual
2. Blackwater fever 3. Cerebral malaria 4. Congenital malaria |
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What are the USUAL COURSE symptoms?
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1. Fever/chill cycle (allergic rxtn when schizonts rupture)
2. Anemia, splenomegaly |
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What is Blackwater fever? What species causes it?
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Acute hemolytic syndrome causing hemoglobinuria - P. falciparum
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What are symptoms of Cerebral malaria, what causes it?
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Confusion/disorientation, caused by P. falciparum
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What species causes Congenital Malaria?
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ALL species
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what are 3 resistance mechanisms to malaria?
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1. Sickle cell anemia
2. Duffy blood group negative 3. others - HgF in infants, dietary deficiencies, G6PD defic., cell/humoral immunity, vaccines. |
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How is a thin smear prepared for malarial exam?
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Normally, but stained with Giemsa.
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How is a thick smear prepared?
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1. Nickel drop of blood on slide
2. Dry. 3. Slide stained w/ Giemsa to lyse RBCs 4. Look at slide for parasites |
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Where does Quinine kill malarial organisms?
How is the drug commonly used? |
In the BLOODstream - not the liver.
Often used as a prophylactic. |
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Which organism is Chloroquine resistant?
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P. falciparum
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What drug is used for cellular AND liver prophylaxis?
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Malarone
also, Larium and Doxycycline |
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What parasite causes Babesiosis?
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Babesia microti
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In what geographical areas is Babesiosis seen, and how is it transmitted?
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-Nantucket
-Cape Cod -Midwest -Transmitted via DEER TICK |
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-What is the Defin host of Babesia microti?
-What is the intermed. host? |
Defin: deer tick
Intermed: humans |
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Morphologically, what does B. microti resemble?
What makes it unique? |
Resembles P. falciparum, BUT:
-Only has rings, no granules or pigment. -Rings form a MALTESE CROSS - a tetrad of rings. |
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What 5 symptoms are often seen in Babesiosis?
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Fever and Chills
Splenomegaly Hepatomegaly Hemolysis causing Blckwtr fever |
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With what 3 lab techniques do I diagnose Babesiosis?
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Thick smears, Thin smears, and ELISA.
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What 2 medicines will I use to treat Babesiosis?
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1. Azithromycin
2. Atovaquone in combo with Malarone. |
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How can patients prevent babesiosis?
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Keeping away from
-ticks -blood transfusions. |
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What are the 2 blood/tissue flagellates that we are concerned with?
What genus/phylum/order are they in? What type of organism transmits all of these? |
-Leishmania
-Trypanosoma Protozoa, Mastigophora, Kinetoplastida All transmitted via arthropod |
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What two subspecies of the Kinetoplastida cause African sleeping sickness, where?
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-Tryp. brucei rhodesiense - East
-Tryp. brucei gambiense - West |
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what organism (specific subspecies too) transmits East/West african sleep sick?
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Tsetse fly, Glossina species.
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what parasite causes Chagas' disease?
How is the parasite transmitted? |
Trypanosoma cruzi, found in C. and S. America, and Mexico.
-carried by the Reduviid bug, which poops while eating. |
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What are the four pathogenic species of Leishmania?
What vector is common to all? |
L. donovani,
L. tropica and L. mexicana L. braziliensis Transmitted by SANDFLY |
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What are the 2 developmental forms of the blood/tissue flagellates?
-Which species is each in? |
-Trypomastigotes - seen in Trypanosoma infections
-Amastigotes - seen in Leishmaniasis. |
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What two Tryp species cause AFrican sleeping sickness?
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-Trypanosoma gambiense
-Trypanosoma rhodesiense |
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What is the infectious stage that causes african sleeping sickness?
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-Metacyclic trypomastigote.
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What are the hosts of tryp gambiense and rhodesiense?
-vertebrate -invertebrate |
-Vertebrate is human/animals
-Invert is Glossina tsetse fly |
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What are possible stages of Afr. sleeping sickness?
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-Acute stage
-Chronic stage |
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What are the symptoms of African sleeping sickness, the Acute stage?
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-Fly bites cause Chancres
-Trypomastigotes in blood invade lymph nodes -Fever/night sweats -Nodules on the neck (aka Winterbot. sign) |
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What is Winterbottom's sign?
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-the presence of neck nodules in acute sleeping sickness.
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What is the diagnostic stage of trypanosoma gambiense and rhodesiense?
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-Trypomastigotes in the blood.
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What are 3 chronic stage symptoms?
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1. Trypomastigotes in the CNS
2. Coma 3. Death |
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What are 4 methods for diagnosis of African sleeping sickness?
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-Clinical symptoms (fever/sweat)
-Trypomastigotes in blood -IgM levels (high - frequently change surf antigens) -ELISA for Ag in blood/CSF |
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what are 3 drugs for treating african sleeping sickness?
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1. Suramin via IV
2. Pentamidine isothionate via intramuscular injection 3. Melarsoprol can cross BBB |
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What are two ways to prevent african sleeping sickness?
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-Control the vector (tsetse fly) population
-Reduce the human reservoir. |
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what does T. cruzi cause?
what vector transmits it? |
Chagas disease
vector: reduviid bug |
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wat are the hosts of T. cruzi?
-vertebrate -invertebrate |
Vert: humans/animals
Invert: Reduviid bug |
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what are symptoms of Acute and Chronic Chagas disease?
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Acute: chagoma (inflmtn), fever, rash, hepato/splenomegaly, acute myocarditis, swollen liver, spleen, and heart.
Chronic: severe cardiomyopathy and megacolonopathy. |
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How is Chagas disease diagnosed?
What are 3 other methods? |
Primarily Clinical symptoms
Also Trypomastigotes in blood Amastigotes in tissue Serological tests |
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What is one additional, slightly weird method of diagnosing Chagas disease?
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Xenodiagnosis
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What is Xenodiagnosis?
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Raising pure reduviid bugs, allowing them to eat blood of patient, test feces for metacyclic trypomastigotes
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What 2 drugs may treat Chagas disease?
What other treatment may be necessary? |
1. Bayer 250Z, Radamil
2. May surgiclly remove megaesophagus and megacolon. |
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How can Chagas disease be prevented?
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-Controlling vector breeding by painting or using plastic boards
-Protect humans from the flies |
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What is the developmental form present in Leishmaniasis?
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-Amastigote
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What are 3 types of hosts of Leishmania?
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-Vertebrate - Man
-Invertebrate - Sandfly -Reservoir - Dogs/rodents |
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how is leishmania prevented?
(two normal, common things) |
-Control vector breeding ground
-Protect humans |
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what are the 4 leishmania species?
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-Donovani
-Mexicana and tropica -Braziliensis |
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What are 3 names for Leishmania donovani infection?
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Kala-azar
Visceral leishmaniasis Dumdum fever |
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What does Kala-azar mean?
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Black poisoning
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Where is L. donovani found?
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-South/Central America
-Africa -Middle East |
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What are 3 ways an L. donovani infection can present?
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1. Asymptomatic
2. general fever/chills 3. Hepato and Splenomegalic |
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How is an infection of L. donovani diagnosed?
(2 things seen in general, 2 specific tests) |
-Clinical manifestations
-Amastigotes in tissues like liver/spleen, bone marrow -DNA probe -Montenegro test |
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what is the montenegro test?
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a test for l. donovani, by mixing a mL of serum and formaldehyde - positive if mixture turns gelatinous.
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L. donovani causes visceral inf; what causes a cutaneous inf?
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L. tropica and mexicana
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what is the main symptom of cutaneous leishmaniasis?
other names? |
a sore on the forehead/face
-Oriental sore, dehli ulcer, aleppo. |
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whatcauses American leishmaniasis?
what is the most commonly used name for it? |
Leishmania braziliensis --> brazil is in south america.
Espundia |
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what kind of infection does L. braziliensis cause? What occurs in the pathology?
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Mucocutaneous - the parasite erodes the cartilage of the lips and nose.
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what are the 5 organisms of blood and tissue NEMATODES?
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1. Wuchereria bancrofti
2. Wuchereria malayi 3. Loa loa 4. Onchocerca volvulus 5. Dracunculus medinensis |
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what forms are present in the nematode cycles - what type of a parasite is it?
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Forms: filariae (adult worm) and microfilariae (larval form)
Type: a worm the size of coarse sewing thread. |
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What is interesting about the blood/tissue nematode adult females?
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they are ovoviparous - eggs develop within, but they give birth to living larva.
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what is the diagnostic stage of all the nematodes here?
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-microfilariae - it migrates in the blood and tissues, in a periodic pattern.
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What 3 methods are used to prevent all of the nematode infections?
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1. controlling the vector populn
2. Treating people to reduce microfilariae 3. Protecting humans from bites. |
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What are 3 names for infections of Wuchereria bancrofti?
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Elephantiasis
Wuchereriasis Bancroftian filariasis |
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in what geographic places are Wuchereria bancrofti and malayi found?
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Afria
Southeast Asia South America |
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what are hosts of w. bancrofi?
-definitive -intermediate |
Defin: people
Intermediate: mosquitos - this is the vector that transmits it. |
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What 3 things morphologically set W. bancrofti apart?
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-Sheath
-Acellular tip -Nocturnal periodicity |
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When does W. bancrofti collect blood?
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at night
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What are three variations of Bancroftian filariasis, aka elephantiasis?
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1. Asymptomatic
2. Inflammatory 3. Obstructive - result of lymphatics draining to low legs. |
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How is Elephantiasis due to W. bancrofti diagnosed?
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by the presence of microfilariae in the blood.
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How is elephantiasis treated?
Drug used to kill microfilariae: |
-Unfortunately only by amputation.
-Hetrazan kills microfilariae. |
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What disease does W. malayi cause?
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Malayan filariasis
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What is the only difference btwn Wuchereria bancrofti and malayi?
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The tip of tail - 2 cells are seen in the malayi tail, none in bancrofti.
-Also obstructive stage is not as severe. |
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What are 3 names of diseases caused by LOA LOA?
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-Loasis
-Fugitive swellings -Calabar swellings |
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what is the common name of Loa loa infection?
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AFRICAN EYEWORM
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where is african eyeworm found?
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in Central and West african rainforests.
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what symptoms does loa loa cause?
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Swelling of tissues around eyes
Pain in conjunctival space |
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what transmits loa loa?
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Deerfly vector
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which nematodes cause eye disease? which causes blindness?
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Loa loa and Onchocerca volvulus.
only O. volvulus causes blinding. |
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what are 3 names for Onchocerca volvulus infections?
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-River blindness
-Onchocerosis -Onchocerciasis |
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where is river blindness found?
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Africa
Central and South America |
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what are hosts of O. volvulus?
-Definitive -Intermediate |
Defin: people
Intermed: Simulium (black fly) |
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what are the 2 symptoms of river blindness?
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-Inflammation causing skin/eye nodules and lesions.
-Blindness- leading worldwide cause of blindness. |
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how is Onchocerca volvulus diagnosed?
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By the presence of microfilariae in a skin snip.
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what drug treats river blindness?
How else can it be treated? |
-Ivermictin
Prophylactic treatment is surgical removal of nodules. |
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which of the blood/tissue nematodes is the largest?
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Dracunculus medinensis.
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what is the common name of D. medinensis infection?
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Fiery serpent infection.
Also: Dracontiasis, dracunculosis, dracunculiasis, guinea worm. |
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What 3 places is fiery serpent found?
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Central Africa
Middle East India |
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what are the hosts of D. medinensis?
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Defin: humans
Intermed: Water flea or cyclops |
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How is Fiery Serpent disease transmitted?
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via ingestion of water flea or cyclops - NOT a bite!!
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what is the major symptom of infection by d. medinensis?
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Worm under the skin - crawls in when washing clothes, out when wading in water.
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how is Dracunculosis diagnosed?
treated? prevented? |
by finding adult worms under the skin.
Treatment: pull it out on stick. Prevent: use clean water. |