Blood Vessels And Pressure

Front 1

volume of blood passing through per unit of time)

Back 1

flow rate (mil/min)

Front 2

What is the equation of flow rate?

Back 2

F=Change of Pressure / Resistance

Front 3

If resistance increases, flow rate

Back 3

decreases

Front 4

If pressure change increases, flow rate

Back 4

increases

Front 5

blood will flow from ___ pressure to ____ pressure

Back 5

high, low

Front 6

What does resistance depend on? (3)

Back 6

viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius

Front 7

longer the length, the ____ the resistance

Back 7

more

Front 8

Biggest determinant of the resistance is

Back 8

radius

Front 9

the smaller the radius the ____ the resistance

Back 9

larger

Front 10

resistance is proportional to

Back 10

1/r^4

Front 11

the greater the pressure change, the ___ the flow rate

Back 11

faster

Front 12

which system (systemic or pulmonary) has higher pressure

Back 12

systemic

Front 13

arteries are/are not innervated by the sympathetic ns

Back 13

are not

Front 14

Carry blood away from heart to tissues

Back 14

arteries

Front 15

Smaller branches of arteries

Back 15

arterioles

Front 16

Smallest of vessels across which all exchanges are made with surrounding cells

Back 16

Capillaries

Front 17

Return blood to heart

Back 17

Venules

Front 18

Formed when venules merge

Back 18

Veins

Front 19

oxygenated blood flows from heart to ____ then into ____ and finally onto _____

Back 19

arteries, arterioles, capillaries

Front 20

deoxygenated blood leaves ____ then goes into ____ and finally the ____ where it travels to the heart

Back 20

capillaries, venules, veins

Front 21

what vessel has vavles?

Back 21

veins

Front 22

What is the pressure resevoir/driving force?

Back 22

arterie

Front 23

during systole, the left ventricle is ____

Back 23

contracting

Front 24

contraction of smooth muscle causes

Back 24

vasoconstriction

Front 25

relaxation of smooth muscle causes

Back 25

vasodilation

Front 26

Sympathetic NS cause venous _____

Back 26

vasoconstriction

Front 27

Local does/does not override extrinsic

Back 27

does

Front 28

What causes Vasoconstriction? (7 things)

Back 28

increase myogenic, increase O2, decrease CO2, Increase endothelin, Increase sympathetic, vasopressin; angiotension, cold

Front 29

What causes Vasodilation? (7 things)

Back 29

decrease myogenic, decrease O2, increase CO2, increase nitric oxide, decrease sympathetic, histamine, heat

Front 30

Where does exchange take place between blood and tissues?

Back 30

capillaries

Front 31

What types of passive exchanges happen in capillaries

Back 31

diffusion(nutrients, gases,waste), bulk flow (regulate ecf)

Front 32

Types of capillaries

Back 32

continuous (Small gaps between endothelial cells), fenestrated (large gaps: Found in liver, kidneys, bone marrow)

Front 33

Continuous capillaries remove plasma though

Back 33

transcytosis

Front 34

what is bulk flow

Back 34

the movement of water and solutes

Front 35

what is filtration

Back 35

movement out of capillary (beginning) hydrostatic pressure pushes fluids out at beginning

Front 36

what is absorption

Back 36

movement into capillary, osmotic pressure pulls fluid back in at end

Front 37

functions of lymphatic system

Back 37

return excess filtered fluid, defense against disease, transport absorbed fat, return filtered protein

Front 38

what is the ecf of lymphatic system

Back 38

lymph

Front 39

Is it easier or harder to get into the lymphatic system then capillary beds?

Back 39

easier because of overlapping of endothelial cells

Front 40

major causes of edema

Back 40

not enough plasma protein, Increased permeability of capillary wall (inflammation), Increased venous pressure (vasoconstriction), Blockage of lymph vessels (elephantitis)

Front 41

when does edema occur

Back 41

when too much interstitial fluid accumulates

Front 42

are veins or arteries more compliant? (do not snap back into place after stretching)

Back 42

veins, that is why they are the blood resevoir

Front 43

factors which enhance venous return (6)

Back 43

pressure from cardiac contraction, Sympathetic vasoconstriction, skeletal muscle activity, venous valves, respiratory activity, cardiac suction

Front 44

arteries are ___ ___, arterioles are ___ ___, veins are ____ ____, lympathic system ____ ____ ____, capillaries does ___

Back 44

pressure reservoir, resistance vessels, volume reservoirs, returns large items, exchange

Front 45

force exerted on vessel wall

Back 45

blood pressure

Front 46

what does blood pressure depends on

Back 46

volume of blood contained in vessel, compliance of vessel wall

Front 47

pressure during ventricular ejection

Back 47

systolic

Front 48

pressure during ventricular relaxation

Back 48

diastolic

Front 49

pressure during stretching due to contraction

Back 49

systolic

Front 50

pressure during recoiling

Back 50

diastolic

Front 51

___ pressure is peak pressure and ____ is minimum pressure

Back 51

systolic, diastolic

Front 52

average systolic pressure

Back 52

120

Front 53

average diastolic pressure

Back 53

80

Front 54

what is little blip near peak of arterial pressure

Back 54

when semilunar valves close

Front 55

what is pulse pressure

Back 55

systolic - diastolic

Front 56

what is Mean arterial pressure

Back 56

Average pressure driving blood forward into tissues throughout cardiac cycle

Front 57

formula for mean arterial pressure

Back 57

diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure

Front 58

mean arterial pressure is constantly monitored by

Back 58

baroreceptors

Front 59

nervous system does __ ___ control adjustments

Back 59

short term, within seconds, heart, veins, arterioles

Front 60

endocrine system does ___ ___ adjustments

Back 60

long term, within minutes - days, kidneys and urinary system

Front 61

baroreceptors in ___ ___ and ___ ___

Back 61

aortic arch, carotid arteries

Front 62

increase in blood pressure, baroreceptors fire ____ ____ of action potentials, whereas a decrease in blood pressure causes baroreceptors to fire ___ ___ of action potentials

Back 62

higher frequency, lower frequency

Front 63

what is the control center of the cardiovascular system

Back 63

medulla oblongata

Front 64

what are the inputs for cardiovascular communication with the brain

Back 64

arterial baroreceptors, low pressure receptors, chemoreceptors, proprioceptors, higher brain receptors

Front 65

what are the outputs for cardiovascular communication with the brain

Back 65

parasympathetic, sympathetic

Front 66

parasympathetic innervates what?

Back 66

sa node, decrease heart rate

Front 67

sympathetic innervates what

Back 67

sa node, increase heart rate, innervates mycardium, contraction force, vasoconstriction in veins

Front 68

what is hypertension

Back 68

High blood pressure regularly above 140/90

Front 69

what is hypotension

Back 69

low blood pressure regularly below 100/60

Front 70

what does angiotensin do?

Back 70

hormone that does vasoconstriction, increases total peripheral resistance, raises blood pressure and can lead to hypertension

Front 71

what is ventilation?

Back 71

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Front 72

what does histamine cause the lungs to do?

Back 72

bronchoconstriction

Front 73

what hormone causes bronchodilation

Back 73

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Front 74

How does the sympathetic ns affect bronchioles? parasympathetic?

Back 74

bronchodilation, bronchoconstriction