Blood Banking Test 2

Front 1

Which antibodies have the most significance for blood banking?

Back 1

IgM, IgG, and IgA.

Front 2

What is the most clinically significant antibody that reacts at body temp? (37 degrees)

Back 2

IgG.

Front 3

Which Ig is the most common cold agglutinin and what temp does it react at?

Back 3

IgM, 22 degrees Celsius.

Front 4

Most common naturally occurring antibody

Back 4

IgM.

Front 5

Most abundant Ig in serum and why is it most significant?

Back 5

IgG because it reacts at body temp.

Front 6

Which Ig is in pentomere form and how is it dissociated?

Back 6

IgM. Through cleavage of covalent bonds interconnecting mononeric subunits and J chain by chemical treatment with 2ME.

Front 7

Largest Ig

Back 7

IgM.

Front 8

Largest Ig

Back 8

IgM.

Front 9

Which Ig comes first in immune response?

Back 9

IgM, then IgG.

Front 10

Which Ig crosses placenta?

Back 10

IgG.

Front 11

When do infants begin to produce antibodies?

Back 11

6 months.

Front 12

Rh is primarily _____ and _____ subclasses.

Back 12

IgG1 and IgG3.

Front 13

Why don't rh antigens bind with complement?

Back 13

Low level of rh on RBC surfaces.

Front 14

Antibodies to the Lewis blood group system are generally ___.

Back 14

IgM.

Front 15

Antibodies to the Lewis blood group system are generally ___.

Back 15

IgM.

Front 16

Activation of complement by Lewis blood group system.

Back 16

Can activate complement, but rarely cause hemolytic transfusion reactions due to their low optimal reactivity temp.

Front 17

Complement activation by IgG

Back 17

Less effective than IgM due to less binding sites.

Front 18

When complement in serum attacks donor cells, what is seen?

Back 18

Instead of agglutination, hemolysis is seen.

Front 19

What is the immune response initiated by?

Back 19

Presentation of an antigen or immunogen.

Front 20

Antigen

Back 20

Initiates formation of and reactions to antibodies.

Front 21

Antigen

Back 21

Initiates formation of and reactions to antibodies.

Front 22

Antigen characteristics influencing immune response

Back 22

Size, complexity, confirmation, charge, accessibility, solubility, digestibility, chemical composition, and molecular weight.

Front 23

How do different blood group antigens differ in their immunogenicity?

Back 23

They have different characteristics.

Front 24

Antisera

Back 24

Reagent antibodies.

Front 25

Polyclonal antibodies

Back 25

Aka serum antibodies. Produced in response to a single antigen with more than 1 epitope.

Front 26

Polyclonal antibodies

Back 26

Aka serum antibodies. Produced in response to a single antigen with more than 1 epitope.

Front 27

Monoclonal antibodies

Back 27

Produced by isolating individual B cells from a polyclonal population with hybirdoma technology.

Front 28

Why are monoclonal antibodies preferred in testing?

Back 28

Highly specific and well characterized.

Front 29

Naturally occurring antibody

Back 29

Antibody formed with prior exposure to antigen such as grain, pollen, and bacteria.

Front 30

IgM: naturally occuring

Back 30

React best at room temp, activate complement, and may be hemolytic when active at 37 degrees Celsius.

Front 31

The most common occurring antibodies react with antigens of what blood group systems?

Back 31

ABH, Hh, Ii, Lewis, Mn, and P.

Front 32

Most common immune antibodies encountered in testing:

Back 32

Rh, Kell, Duffy, Kidd, and Ss.

Front 33

Immune antibodies

Back 33

Found in serum of individuals who have been transfused or who are pregnant.

Front 34

Most immune RBC antibodies are ___ , react best at _____, and require ___ for detection.

Back 34

IgG, 37 degrees, AHG (incubate).

Front 35

Naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B antibodies are routinely detected in ____________ and dependent on __________.

Back 35

Human serum, blood type.

Front 36

Naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B antibodies are routinely detected in ____________ and dependent on __________.

Back 36

Human serum, blood type.

Front 37

What antibody does blood group a have?

Back 37

Anti B.

Front 38

Naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B antibodies are routinely detected in ____________ and dependent on __________.

Back 38

Human serum, blood type.

Front 39

What antibody does blood group a have?

Back 39

Anti B.

Front 40

What antibody does blood group B have?

Back 40

Anti A.

Front 41

Naturally occurring anti-A and anti-B antibodies are routinely detected in ____________ and dependent on __________.

Back 41

Human serum, blood type.

Front 42

What antibody does blood group a have?

Back 42

Anti B.

Front 43

What antibody does blood group B have?

Back 43

Anti A.

Front 44

What antibodies does blood group O have?

Back 44

Anti a and b.

Front 45

What antibodies does blood group AB have?

Back 45

Neither antibody.

Front 46

Unexpected antibodies

Back 46

Anything other than a/b antibodies.

Front 47

Alloantibodies

Back 47

Produced after exposure to genetically different, or nonself antigens such as different RBC antigens after transfusion.

Front 48

Autoantibodies

Back 48

Produced in response to self antigens.

Front 49

How can autoantibodies be removed?

Back 49

Special absorption and Elyria. Techniques and then tested against reagent RBCs.

Front 50

Properties of host that influence immune response

Back 50

1. Age

2. Disease

3. Exercise level

4. Genetics

5. Hormones

6. Injury

7. Nutritional status

8. Race

Front 51

A decrease in antibody levels in older individuals may result in:

Back 51

False negative reactions, especially in reverse ABO blood typing.

Front 52

What sample is preferred for DAT?

Back 52

Plasma because it lacks fibrin strands, which can cause a false positive.

Front 53

Secretors

Back 53

People who have blood group antibodies in their body fluids.

Front 54

Traditional lab methods for detecting antigens or antibody

Back 54

Hemagglutination, precipitation, agglutination inhibition, hemolysis, and other techniques.

Front 55

Major technique used in most transfusion lab testing

Back 55

Hemagglutination.

Front 56

Sensitization

Back 56

Stage in which antigen binding to antibody occurs.

Front 57

Lattice formation

Back 57

2nd stage agglutination is present.

Front 58

Agglutination inhibition

Back 58

Method in which a positive reaction is the opposite of what is normally observed in agglutination. Antigen and antibody can't combine because another substrate had been added and blocks agglutinates. No agglutination is positive.

Front 59

Prozone

Back 59

Excess antibody.

Front 60

Prozone

Back 60

Excess antibody.

Front 61

Postzone

Back 61

Excess antigen.

Front 62

Factors influencing agglutination

Back 62

Centrifugation: enhances because it decreases reaction time.

Zeta potential: under centrifugation, sensitized RBCs overcome natural repulsion for each other. Increases lattice formation.

Antigen-antibody ratio: ideal reactive conditions.

Front 63

Zone of equivalence

Back 63

State of equilibrium in antigen-antibody reactions.

Front 64

Epitope

Back 64

Unique confirmation of the antigen that allows recognition by corresponding antibody.

Front 65

Epitope

Back 65

Unique confirmation of the antigen that allows recognition by corresponding antibody.

Front 66

Zeta potential

Back 66

Net negative charge surrounding RBCs.

Front 67

Factors influencing agglutination reactions

Back 67

1. Ph

2. Temp (IgM or IgG)

3. Immunoglobulin type

4. Different techniques for IgG and IgM

5. Enhancement media, especially for IgG antibodies

6. Protein media

Front 68

LISS

Back 68

Low ionic strength solutions: reduces incubation time from 30-60 minutes to 5-15 minutes.

Front 69

AHG

Back 69

Test designed to determine if RBCs are coated with antibody or complement or both.

Front 70

AHG

Back 70

Test designed to determine if RBCs are coated with antibody or complement or both.

Front 71

Polyspecific AHG

Back 71

Can determine if RBCs have been sensitized with IgG or complement (components c3b or c3d) or both.

Front 72

How does indirect antiglobulin test detect RBCs coated with antibody? (AHG)

Back 72

Cross links sensitized cells, resulting in visible agglutination.

Front 73

What are polyclonal reagents directed against?

Back 73

Multiple epitopes found on the original antigen used to stimulate antibody production.

Front 74

What are monoclonal antibodies directed against?

Back 74

Specific epitopes and therefore are a potential solution. Made by hybridoma technology.

Front 75

Advantages of monoclonal reagents

Back 75

Highly specific and characterized. Uniformly reactive and produced by hybridoma technology.

Front 76

Disadvantages of monoclonal technology

Back 76

Overspecificity, complement may not be fixed in antigen-antibody reaction, and oversensitivity could caused false positive reactions.

Front 77

What can immunodeficiency diseases result from?

Back 77

Various defects at many different levels of immune function and may be congenital or acquired. From innate or adaptive immunity.

Front 78

Diseases important in blood bank serological testing

Back 78

Immunodeficiency

Hypersensitivity

Monoclonal and polyclonal gammopathies

Autoimmune disease

Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN)

Front 79

Hypersensitivity

Back 79

Inflammatory response to a foreign antigen and can be cell or antibody mediated, or both.

Front 80

DAT testing

Back 80

Used to see if coated with antibody or complement.

Front 81

Autoimmune disease

Back 81

Autoantibodies are produced against the host's own cells and tissues.

Front 82

What can HDN result from?

Back 82

When maternal IS produces an antibody directed at an antigen present on fetal cells, but absent from maternal cells.

Front 83

What can HDN result from?

Back 83

When maternal IS produces an antibody directed at an antigen present on fetal cells, but absent from maternal cells.

Front 84

Which antigens cause HDN?

Back 84

ABO, Rh, snd Kell.