Blood And Immunity

Front 1

What is plasma and what is it made of?

Back 1

A pale yellow coloured fluid. Is 55% of the blood making up it's fluid portion. Mostly made up of water, but also contains blood proteins, glucose, vitamins, minerals, dissolved gases, and waste products of cellular metabolism.

Front 2

What are the three main types of proteins, and what are their functions?

Back 2

Albumins - maintain osmotic balance.

Globulins - create antibodies and build immunity.

Fibrinogens - aids the blood clotting process.

Front 3

What is a red blood cell that contains hemoglobin and carries oxygen called?

Back 3

An erythrocyte (45% of the blood)

Front 4

Where are erythrocytes formed?

Back 4

In the bone marrow

Front 5

What do erythrocytes lack?

Back 5

A nucleus

Front 6

What is a red blood cell's average life span?

Back 6

120 days

Front 7

How are red blood cell's shaped and why is this important?

Back 7

They are biconcave disks. This allows the maximum diffusion of gases, and allows them to move through the small diameter of the capillaries.

Front 8

What causes anemia?

Back 8

The reduction in blood oxygen due to low levels of hemoglobin or poor red blood cell production.

Front 9

What is a leukocyte?

Back 9

A white blood cell.

Front 10

What are the two categories of leukocytes, and what sets them apart?

Back 10

Granular - polymorphonuclear (the nucleus has several lobes)

Agranular - mononuclear cells (one lobe to the nucleus)

Front 11

What are the most abundant types of granular leukocytes, and what are their functions?

Back 11

Neutrophil - fast acting phagocytic cell.

Eosinophil - fighters of microbes and parasites.

Basophil - fighters of allergic reactions and also has an anticoagulant (prevents blood clotting).

Front 12

What are the two major groups of agranular white blood cells?

Back 12

Lymphocytes - involved in the production of antibodies.

Monocytes - remove cellular debris by phagocytosis.

Front 13

When swollen, what can agranular white blood cells become?

Back 13

Macrophages that can rapidly consume large numbers of foreign substances.

Front 14

How long do white blood cells live?

Back 14

They can live for years, but can die quickly when in "battle".

Front 15

What is diapedesis?

Back 15

The process by which white blood cells squeeze out of capillaries into the extracellular fluid region.

The word means "to feet". (The white blood cell is "sticking it's foot out" then pulling the rest of itself with it).

Front 16

What is the component of blood responsible for initiating blood clotting?

Back 16

Platelets

Front 17

What is the clotting sequence?

Back 17

-Platelets rupture and release the enzyme thromboplastin.

-Thromboplastin activates prothrombin turning it into thrombin.

-Thrombin causes the plasma soluble globular protein fibrinogen to form a peptide called fibrin.

-Fibrin weaves itself into a net which catches other blood cells and clotting substances.

Front 18

What is a thrombus?

Back 18

A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and blocks it.

Front 19

What is a blood clot that dislodges and is carried by the circulatory system to another part of the body called?

Back 19

An embolus.

Front 20

What is an antigen?

Back 20

A substance that stimulates the formation of an antibody.

Front 21

What is a protein formed within the blood that reacts with an antigen called?

Back 21

An antibody.

Front 22

What are the four basic groups of blood?

Back 22

O, A, B, and AB

Front 23

What is agglutination?

Back 23

the clumping of blood cells caused by antigens and antibodies.

Front 24

How do blood types react to each other?

Back 24

Blood type A will produce antibodies and agglutinate when exposed to a foreign B marker (antigen). It possesses an A marker.

Blood type B will produce antibodies and agglutinate when exposed to a foreign A marker (antigen). It possesses a B marker.

Blood type AB will not produce antibodies because it is the universal receiver (can accept both types of markers). It possesses both an A and B marker.

Blood type O will produce antibodies when exposed to both a foreign A and B marker. It is the universal donor, due to it not possessing a marker (antigens).

Front 25

What ways can oxygen be transported in the blood?

Back 25

-via hemoglobin (99%)

-dissolved within the plasma. (1%)

Front 26

What is hemoglobin composed of?

Back 26

Heme and globin.

Front 27

What is heme?

Back 27

A non-protein iron molecule which binds and carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Front 28

What is globin?

Back 28

A series of four polypeptide chains.

Front 29

How many oxygens can bind to one heme group, and what does this combination produce?

Back 29

4, forms oxyhemoglobin.

Hb + 4O2 = Hb(O2)4

Front 30

What factors affect the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin?

Back 30

-Temperature (increase in temperature causes increase in oxygen release)

-Blood Acidity (increased acidity causes increase in oxygen release. CO2 + H20 = H2CO3)

-Oxygen Concentration (areas of low pressure trigger the release of oxygen)

Front 31

How many heme groups are there per red blood cell?

Back 31

Millions.

Front 32

How does oxygenation change a red blood cell?

Back 32

Changes the 3D shape of the polypeptide chains (the globin) and causes a colour change to brighter red.

Front 33

How is carbon dioxide transported within the blood system?

Back 33

-Reacts with water at the capillaries to produce carbonic acid (about 64%)

-via hemoglobin (about 27%)

-dissolved in blood plasma (about 9%)

Front 34

What happens when carbonic acid dissociates?

Back 34

Hydrogen and carbonate ions are created.

Front 35

What do the hydrogen and carbonate ions do once dissociated from carbonic acid?

Back 35

Hydrogen ions combine with hemoglobin so that the blood's pH remains unaffected.

Carbonate ions travel through the blood to the lungs where the reaction reverses and carbon dioxide and water is released.

Front 36

What is phagocytosis?

Back 36

The process by which a white blood cell engulfs and chemically destroys a microbe.

Front 37

What is a phagocyte white blood cell found in a lymph node, the bone marrow, the spleen, and the liver called?

Back 37

A macrophage

Front 38

What is pus?

Back 38

A thick liquid composed of protein fragments from digested leukocytes and microbes.

Front 39

What is a localized, non-specific response triggered when tissue cells are injured by bacteria or physical injury, characterized by swelling, heat, redness, and pain called?

Back 39

An inflammatory response

Front 40

What is a complement protein?

Back 40

A plasma protein that helps defend against invading microbes by tagging the microbe for phagocytosis, puncturing cell membranes, or triggering the formation of a mucous coating.

Front 41

What is a lymphocyte (manufactured in the bone marrow and processed by the thymus gland) that identifies and attacks foreign substances?

Back 41

A T cell.

Front 42

What is a B cell?

Back 42

A lymphocyte (made and processed in the bone marrow) that produces antibodies.

Front 43

What is a port along a cell membrane into which hormones, nutrients, and other needed materials fit?

Back 43

A receptor site

Front 44

What are helper T cells?

Back 44

A T cell with receptors that bind to fragments of antigens. They are responsible for triggering the production of antibodies once it is attached to a foreign invader.

Front 45

What is a protein produced by the T cells that acts as a chemical messenger between other T cells and B cells?

Back 45

Lymphokine

Front 46

What is a killer T cell?

Back 46

A T cell that destroys microbes, body cells infected with viruses, and mutated cells by puncturing cell membranes.

Front 47

What is a T cell that turns off the immune system called?

Back 47

A suppressor T cell

Front 48

What is a memory B cell?

Back 48

A B cell that retains information about the shape of an antigen.

Front 49

What is a cell that is capable of developing into a number of specialized cells, such as a neuron or muscle cell called?

Back 49

A pluripotent cell (ex. stem cells)

Front 50

Can the liver provide the stimulus for RBC formation?

Back 50

Yes, yes it can.

Front 51

What compound has a greater affinity for haemoglobin than oxygen?

Back 51

Carbon monoxide

Front 52

What are our bodies three basic lines of defence against disease?

Back 52

1. Physical - skin provides protective barrier. Also, bacteria that is inhaled can become trapped in a layer of mucus and swept away from lungs by the cillia.

2. Chemical - stomach produces acids that destroy bacteria. An enzyme in human tears (lysozyme) destroys cell walls of invading bacteria.

3. Leukocytes - when an invader takes up residence within the body, WBCs (many types) seek out and destroy any foreign particle by phagocytosis.

Front 53

What three events do compliment proteins trigger?

Back 53

1. The formation of a protective coating around an invader.

2. The dissolving of the invaders cell membrane

3. The attraction of white blood cells to engulf the invader.

Front 54

Why might newborn babies have a natural immunity towards certain diseases?

Back 54

If the mother has developed a passive immunity towards a disease, the antibodies built up in the mother pass into the placenta and enters the baby's blood, providing immunity that lasts several months. (Can last longer if the baby is breast fed).