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103 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Name the Primary Lymphoid Organs and what they are responsible for.
Thymus and Bone Marrow are what type of lymphoid organs? They are the source of and site of development for precursor cells.
Name the Secondary Lymphoid organs and what they are responsible for.
Spleen, Lymph Nodes, and Tonsils are what type of lymphoid organs? They are the site of immune response and memory cell generation.
Name the Tertiary Lymphoid organs and what they are responsible for.
Transient aggregation of lymphoid cells usually of autoimmune origin are what type of organ?
M-cells help which lymphoid organ to actively obtain antigens by transporting them across the epithelium to APC's?
Tonsils have what special cells? What is the function of these cells?
Intraepithelial lymphocytes of the tonsils consists mostly of what type of cells?
Mostly B-cells, but some gamma-sigma T cells, are the different types of intraepithelial lymphocytes found in which tissues?
How do lymph nodes acquire antigens?
Dendritic cells bring antigens where?
In which tissues must an antigen break through the epithelium to enter the body?
In scalp, eye, face, and draining lymph nodes, how does the antigen enter the body?
In which tissues can an antigen cross through the epithelium with the help of an M-cell?
In the oropharynx and tonsils, how does the antigen enter the body?
Many viruses can inhibit the signals used by Toll-Like Receptors to thwart what part of the immune system?
The innate immune system uses pattern recognition receptors, also known as what? These receptors often thwart what type of pathogen?
What component of the innate immune system acts like penicillin and is found in the saliva?
Salivary lysosymes are part of which component of the immune system? How do they work?
How do B-defensins work, and which component of the immune system are they a part of?
Which component of the innate immune system disrupt the membranes of pathogens?
How do salmonella and viruses evade the immune system?
Which pathogens evade the immune system by entering cells?
How does mycobacterium escape macrophages?
Which pathogen activates complement receptors (instead of Fc/mannose receptors) in order to avoid activation of macrophages?
How do listeria/rickettsia/shigella avoid phagocytosis?
Which bacteria kill the phagosome before it fuses with the lysosome?
How do mycobacterium and salmonella evade phagocytosis?
Which pathogens block the fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes to each other?
How does Grp B Strep evade the complement system (humoral immunity)?
Which pathogen uses C5a protease to evade the immune system?
How does P. aureuginosa evade the complement system (humoral immunity)?
Which pathogen uses C3b protease to evade the immune system?
What does CRASP stand for? It disguises complements by binding the regulatory factors.
How does Complement Regulator Acquiring Surface Protein work?
How does S. aureus evade the humoral immune system with antibody evasion?
Which pathogen uses Protein A to bind the Fc portion of the antibody to change surface orientation?
How does S. pyogenes evade the humoral immune system with antibody evasion?
Which pathogen uses Protein G to bind the Fc portion of the antibody to change surface orientation?
How do N. gonorrhoeae and H. influenza evade the humoral immune system?
Which pathogens use IgA proteases?
How do viruses limit extracellular time and thus evade the humoral immune system?
Formation of syncitia can limit the amount of time spent outside cells for what type of pathogen?
How do viruses evade the cell-mediated immune response?
By blocking peptide presentation to Class I MHC molecules, which pathogens evade the cell-mediated immune system?
How do herpes viruses evade the cell mediated immune response?
Which pathogens infect privelaged sites and have periods of latency in sensory neurons to evade cytotoxic T-lymphocytes?
Patient presents with painful, erythematous patch above larynx and paralysis of vocal chord muscles on one side. What pathogen do you think is causing these symptoms?
Varicella Zoster causes what symptoms?
What is the treatment for GAS?
Penicillin can be used to treat which pathogen involved in acute laryngitis?
What is the treatment for M. cattarhalis?
Erythromycin can be used to treat which pathogen involved in acute laryngitis?
A patient's CXR reveals apical thickening and fibrosis. Bx shows granulomas with acid-fast bacilli. What is the causative organism?
Describe the chest X-ray and biopsy findings for tuberculosis.
What is the treatment for tuberculosis?
Isoniazid and rifampin can be used to treat which pathogen?
A two year old child presents with rapid onset of fever, sore throat, and sitting forward drooling. Lateral neck film reveals the thumb sign. What is the most likely pathogen and immediate course of action?
Infection with H. influenzae can cause what serious symptoms requiring automatic hospitalization for observation?
What is the most common cause of epiglottitis?
H. influenzae was the most common cause of which condition?
How do you treat fungal pathogens?
Amphoteracin B or itraconazole can be used to treat what type of pathogens?
What is the most common cause of pharyngitis?
Rhinovirus is the most common cause of what condition?
Patient presents with a scratchy sore throat and cough with fever and muscle aches. What organism do you think is causing these symptoms?
Influenza and adenovirus cause what symptoms?
Which pathogens can cause a scratchy, sore throat with cough, inflammation, edematous membranes, and exudates?
EBV and adenovirus can cause what exceptional symptoms?
The most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis is what?
S. pyogenes is the most common cause of what condition?
Patient presents with gradually increasing inflammation of the tonsils/pharynx with exudates, fever, sore throat, and cervical adenopathy. What is the most likely pathogen?
S. pyogenes generally presents with what symptoms?
What is the most common complication of streptococcal pharyngitis?
Peritonsilar abscess is the most common complication of what condition?
Patient presents with scarlatiniform rash and exudates- what is the pathogen?
S. aureus causes what symptoms in pharyngitis?
Patient presents with erythematous, scarlatiniform rash pronounced at extremities, but no exudates. What is the probable pathogen?
What are the distinguishing features of an infection with Corneybacterium hemolyticum?
How would you treat Gonococcal Pharyngitis?
What type of pharyngitis is an exudative tonsillitis which can be asymptomatic, and generally clears without treatment?
What organism causes Lemierre Syndrome?
Fusobacterium Necrophorum causes what condition?
Patient presents with a history of pharyngeal infection and now has some blood clots with lesions in the lungs, liver, bone, joints. What condition does the patient have?
Lemierre Syndrome has what presentation?
Which sinus is the most likely to be infected?
The maxillary sinus is the most likely of the sinuses to be ______ because of gravity.
What is the most common cause of rhinitis?
Rhinovirus is the most common cause of what condition?
Describe Rhinitis Medicamentosa.
Withdrawal from nasal spray causing rebound conjestion that is less responsive to treatment is known as what?
The primary cause of pedunculated, slow growing nasal masses is which pathogen?
R. seeberi can cause Rhinosporidiosis. Describe this condition.
Nonallergic rhinitis can have what surprising cause?
Hormones are a surprising culprit in which condition?
Viral Rhinitis can be distinguished from Bacterial Sinusitis on what basis?
______ generally has a watery nasal discharge, where as ______ generally has a mucoid/green/yellow nasal discharge.
What is the general progression from rhinitis to a sinus infection?
Viral (8-10d)
(causes discharge which blocks the ostia, and thus the normal protection of cilia and mucous, and allows bacteria to multiply)
Aerobic (<3 mos.)
Anaerobic (>3mos.)

This results in what?
Acute maxillary sinusitis is generally caused by what organism?
Aerobic H. influenzae can cause what condition?
Chronic maxillary sinusitis is generally caused by what organism?
Anaerobic Peptostreptococcus can cause what condition?
Which organism loves to colonize nasal tubes/catheters?
Pseudomonas auruginosa generally causes infection in patients with ______.
Which sinus infection generally clears without treatment?
How should one treat a sinus infection with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa?
Patient presents with recurrent sinus aches associated with nausea and photophobia. What do you suspect?
What should you look for to diagnose migraine headaches?
Patient presents with maxillary tenderness and purulent discharge. She has been using otc nasal decongestant with little success. What do you suggest?
You can give a patient antibiotics for sinusitis after they show what symptoms?
Which organism can cause nasal vestibulitis, an infection of a hair follicle?
S. aureus is the culprit in nasal vestibulitis, which is commonly known as what condition?
How does cerumen work?
What substance protects the external ear by creating an acidic environment to inhibit the growth of bacteria?
What is the most common cause of external ear infections?
Pseudomonas auruginosa and S. aureus are the most common culprits in what type of ear infections?
How do you distinguish otitis media from otitis externa?
In _____ the tympanic membrane has absent or limited mobility, while in _____ the tympanic membrane has good motion.
Swimmers ear/Tropical ear is usually caused by what organism?
An ear infection with Pseudomonas Aeruginosa is known as ______.
Farunculosis is an infection of the hair follicle in the outer third of the ear, usually caused by what pathogen?
Staph aureus is the usual culprit in what infection of the ear?
Patient presents with an itchy ear that has black/green/white discharge. What organism do you suspect?
Aspergilliosis or Candida infection can cause what symptoms?
Define otomycosis.
Fungle infection of the ear generally caused by Aspergillium or Candida is known as ______.
Severe vertigo, tinnitis, and hearing loss are often seen following an URTI in what condition?
Labyrinthitis has what major symptoms of unknown cause?
A patient with rapid unilateral hearing loss, imbalance, and vertigo may have what condition?
Multiple Sclerosis can present with what symptoms if it affects the inner ear?
Patient presents with facial paralysis, elevated ESR, and an abnormal CT, with tenderness in cranial bones surrounding the ear. What caused these symptoms?
Malignant Otitis Externa is a complication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection that presents with what symptoms?
Patient presents with discharge from the ear. Physical exam reveals a non-intact tympanic membrane. What is your diagnosis?
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media can cause what?
A patient presents with clear discharge from the ear, but no other major symptoms. What do you suspect?
Otitis Media with Effusions has no known cause, but only one major symptom- what is it?
What are the 4 major things you should know about pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Gram neg rod
Motile
LPS
Exotoxin A

These are ass'd with what pathogen?
What are the 4 major things you should know about s. aureus?
Gram pos cocci
Non-motile
Catalase (+)
TSS

These are ass'd with what pathogen?
The transplacental passage of which maternal IgG antibodies may be responsible for neonatal lupus syndrome and CHB?
Transplacental passage of Anti-Ro/SS-A and Anti-La/SS-B is associated with what neonatal problems?
What is the most important predictor of pregnancy loss in an SLE mother?
Hypertension is the most important predictor of what in an SLE mother?
Intrauterine exposure to aPL can cause what in the fetus?
Hyperactivity and learning disorders are associated with intrauterine exposure to what?
Define Type 1 Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction.
Name an immune response that acts on vessels and smooth muscles, producing cytokines that recruit inflammatory cells.
Define Type II Antibody Mediated Disorder.
Name a hypersensitivity reaction where the self is the antigen and antibodies promote phagocytosis/lysis of self cells.
Define Type III Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity Reaction
Name a hypersensitivity reaction where antibodies bind antigens, either inducing inflammation directly, or activating complements. The recruited leukocytes, monocytes, or neutrophils then damage tissue by releasing lysozymes or generating toxic free radicals.
Define Type IV Cell-Mediated Immune Disorder Hypersensitivity Reaction.
Name a hypersensitivity reaction where T-lymphocytes cause injury because they are sensitized.
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is anaphalaxis?
Type I HR includes
What type of hypersensitivity reaction are allergies?
Type I HR includes
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is bronchial asthma?
Type I HR includes
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is autoimmune hemolytic anemia?
Type II HR includes...
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Goodpasture's Syndrome?
Type II HR includes...
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is SLE?
Type III HR includes...
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is serum sickness?
Type III HR includes...
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is arthus reaction?
Type III HR includes...
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is contact dermatitis?
Type IV HR includes...
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Multiple Sclerosis?
Type IV HR includes...
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Type I diabetes?
Type IV HR includes...
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is a transplant rejection?
Type IV HR includes...
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is tuberculosis? The test for it is Type I.
Type IV HR includes...
When adaptive immunity becomes directed at oneself, you may develop a ______.
Define autoimmune disease.
What is the dominant factor in development of autoimmune disease?
HLA is the dominant factor in development of what type of disease, especially IDDM?
Define central tolerance.
Tolerance that develops when lymphocytes encounter antigens in primary lymphoid organs/site of maturation.
A defect in the AIRE gene will lead to what disorder?
What is the primary cause of Inherited Autoimmune Polyglandular Disease (APD) or Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Candidiasis Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED)?
A Finnish patient presents with dystrophic fingernails, achy teeth, and a common fungal infection. Her labs show decreased PTH and adrenal hormones. What do you suspect?
APD or APECED can present with what symptoms?
Define peripheral tolerance.
What type of tolerance develops when lymphocytes encounter antigens in places like lymph hodes?
How does AIRE gene defect result in central tolerance?
The products of AIRE gene (transcription factor proteins) are displayed in epithelial cells of the thymic medulla, and T-lymphocytes are negatively selected during developmement if they responde to these proteins. This is an example of what type of tolerance?
How do B-cells develop central tolerance?
Immature cells are rendered anergic or unresponsive, with low IgM expression. This is the mechanism of what?
How do B-cells develop peripheral tolerance in a lymph node?
Autoreactive B-cells become trapped in the T-cell zone of a lymph node and undergo apoptosis. This is one mechanism of what?
How do B-cells with low IgM develop peripheral tolerance?
The Fas molecule on a B-cell binds a FasL on a CD4 T-cell specific of autoantigen, which initiates B-cell apoptosis. This is one mechanism of what?
How does anergy occur? What type of tolerance is it?
Form of peripheral tolerance that inactivates T-lymphocytes either through

Absent 2nd signal (CD28/B7)
Interaction with inhibitory signal (CTLA4/B7)

What type of tolerance is this?
How does supression occur? What type of tolerance is it?
What type of tolerance occurs with regulatory T-cells?