Block 4 Embryology Md 1 Urogenital Part D (Last Section)

Front 1

.Development of Female External Genitalia

primordial phallus gradually ceases and it becomes

Back 1

clitoris

Front 2

Development of Female External Genitalia
unfused parts of the urogenital folds form

Back 2

labia minora.

Front 3

..Development of Female External Genitalia
labia majora, which are homologous to the

Back 3

.scrotum.

Front 4

Clinical Considerations
A. Male anomalies :

Back 4

Hypospadias
Epispadias
Agenesis of external genitalia
Bifid penis
Micropenis

Front 5

Hypospadias :

Back 5

urethral folds fail to fuse completely, resulting in the external urethral orifice opening onto the ventral surface

It is generally associated with a poorly developed penis that curves ventrally, known as

Hint 5

chordee

Front 6

Chordee exists when there is a =

It can occur in the setting of . =

Back 6

.ventral curvature of the penis

hypospadias

Front 7

Chordee is a contraindication to

Back 7

circumcision

circumcision can be done at the time of surgical correction.

Front 8

Phynotype
Genotype

Back 8

Looks like
Gentically is ...

Front 9

Agenesis of external genitalia
Bifid penis
Micropenis

Back 9

Failure of the genital tubercle to develop

Two genital tubercles develop.

Commonly associated with hypopituitarism

Front 10

B. Female anomalies : 4ct

Back 10

-Anomalies of uterus: = 4ct

-Absence of vagina and uterus
-Vaginal atresia
-Imperforate hymen

Hint 10

►Unicornuate uterus
►Double uterus
►Bicornuate uterus
►Septate uterus anomalies

Front 11

1.Unicornuate uterus anomalies:
occur when One
=

Back 11

paramesonephric duct fails to
develop or incompletely
develops.

►Women with the condition may be asymptomatic and unaware of having a uniconuate uterus.

►Pregnancy: ?Normal =

Hint 11

Yes

Front 12

1.Unicornuate Risks:

 % of patients delivered a live baby.
ectopic pregnancy %, =
miscarriage%, =
preterm delivery %, =

Back 12

50 %

2.7%,

34 %,

20 %

Front 13

Aromatase does what =

Back 13

Changes Testosterone to Estrogen

Front 14

patients with a unicornuate uterus are at a higher risk for =

Back 14

pregnancy loss and obstetrical complications.

Front 15

Back 15

rudimentary horn that does not communicate with the main part of the uterus may cause =

Hint 15

pain during the menstrual period because of distention of the horn by blood.

Front 16

Most anomalies resulting from incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts do not

Back 16

cause clinical problems;


Because most rudimentary uterine horns are thicker than uterine tubes, a rudimentary horn pregnancy is likely to

Hint 16

rupture much later than a tubal pregnancy

Front 17

Double uterus:
occur when there is a complete

Back 17

lack of fusion

of the =

Hint 17

paramesonephric ducts.

Front 18

Complications
Women with a double uterus have normal sex lives, pregnancies and deliveries.

sometimes a double uterus leads to = 2ct

Back 18

infertility
miscarriage
premature birth
unusual positions
baby in the uterus (breech presentation).

Hint 18

Front 19

Bicornuate uterus:
occur when there is =

Back 19

partial fusion of the upper part of paramesonephric ducts

. As a result the caudal part of the uterus is normal while the cranial part is =

Hint 19

bifurcated

Front 20

__________ __________
occur when there is partial fusion of the upper part of paramesonephric ducts. As a result the caudal part of the uterus is normal while the cranial part is bifurcated.

Back 20

Bicornuate uterus:

Front 21

Bicornuate uterus:
occur when there is partial fusion of the upper part of __________ ducts. As a result the caudal part of the _______ is normal while the cranial part is bifurcated.

Back 21

paramesonephric

uterus

Hint 21

Front 22

AKA: Heart-shaped uterus, where two "horns" form at the upper part of the uterus.

► Pregnancies in a bicornuate uterus are usually considered

Back 22

high-risk and require extra monitoring because of association with poor reproduction potential.

Hint 22

Front 23

Back 23

.

Front 24

Septate uterus:
occur when the medial
walls of the caudal portion
of the =

Back 24

paramesonephric
ducts partially or
completely fail to resorb.

A septum can be resected
with surgery

Front 25

Septate uterus is associated with a higher risk for =

Back 25

miscarriage
premature birth
malpresentation

Front 26

According to the classical study by Buttram there is a 60% risk of a spontaneous abortion, this being more common in the second than in the first trimester.However, there is no agreement on this number and other studies show a lower risk. Woelfer found that the miscarriage risk is more pronounced in the first trimester.

The condition is also associated with abnormalities of the renal system. Further, skeletal abnormalities have been linked to the condition.

Back 26

.

Front 27

disorder is caused by defective or absent androgen receptors.

=

Back 27

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Front 28

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Testosterone and estrogen levels measured in a patient’s blood are similar to male levels.

With end organ insensitivity to the testosterone, the primordial tissues develop in a =

Back 28

female pattern and the patient is a =

Hint 28

phenotypical female.

Front 29

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Because the patient still has testes
Location of testes =

Back 29

abdominal

____ ______ is present and prevents the development of internal female structures such as the uterus, cervix, upper vagina, and fallopian tubes.

Hint 29

antimüllerian hormone

Front 30

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

Clinically, patients appear as a female, with normal breast development but scant axillary and pubic hair and a =
4ct

Back 30

uterus
cervix
upper vagina
fallopian tubes.

Front 31

Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

The disorder is caused by defective or absent =

Back 31

androgen receptors.

Front 32

Clinically, patients appear as a female, with normal breast development but scant axillary and pubic hair and a blind

Back 32

vaginal pouch with absent uterus and cervix.

Front 33

Breast tissue develops as a result of peripheral

Back 33

conversion of testosterone to estrogen.

Front 34

Patients with androgen insensitivity are often diagnosed after a workup for =

Back 34

primary amenorrhea.