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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hypospadias
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When the urethra opens on the inferior surface of the penis
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Epispadias
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Abnormal urethral opening on the dorsal penis
Invariably associated with defects in urethral valve (incontinence) |
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Phimosis
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When the foreskin cannot be retracted over the glans
Most common penile malformation Bacteria in this area have been shown to be carcinogenic |
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Paraphimosis
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When phimotic foreskin is forcibly retracted and cannot be restored
Medical emergency Potential for necrosis of the glans Often associated with urinary retention |
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Balanoposthitis
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Non-specific penile infection
Usually in an uncircumsized individual Frequently Staph or Strep |
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Peyronie's Disease
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Abnormal proliferation of benign fibrous tissue within the shaft
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Priapism
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Persistent erection due to thrombosis of corpora cavernosa
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Condyloma Accuminatum
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Wart-like growth
Due to a viral infection (HPV) |
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Condyloma Lata
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Form of secondary syphilis
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Giant Condyloma of Buschke-Lowenstein
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Misnomer, this actually is:
Well-differentiated, verrucous squamous cell carcinoma |
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Erythroplasia of Queyrat or Bowen's Disease
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A.K.A. Carcinoma in Situ of the penis
Pink-red velvety plaques Pts. are almost invariably uncircumsized NO metastatic potential |
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Relatively uncommon
Remember, phimotic bacteria buildup is carcinogenic HPV subtypes 16 and 18 are important Grows Slowly Advanced @ presentation Disease limited to the penis -- 90-95% 5-yr. Disease with nodal involvement -- < 50% 5-yr |
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Cryptorchidism
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Failure of a testis to descend normally
Two important sequelae: Failure of spermatogenesis Increased risk of germ cell tumors |
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Testicular torsion
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Testis becomes twisted on its cord
Young child with excruciating pain following activity May also occur during sleep Testis must frequently be excised |
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Varicocele
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Enlargement of the venous vascular plexus
Associated with infertility due to temp. increase |
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Seminoma
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Most common germ cell tumor of testis (35 - 70%)
Tend to occur in 4th decade Gross -- uniform tan color; little or no necrosis Histo -- uniform sheets of UNDIFFERENTIATED germ cells Highly sensitive to radiation Occasionally have beta-hCG elevations, NEVER alpha-FP |
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Anaplastic Seminoma
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Seminoma in which cells are more pleomorphic and have more mitoses
Metastases tend to initially be to regional LNs, then systemic |
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Spermatocytic Seminoma
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Very rare
More differentiated form of seminoma Affects older individuals Virtually never metastasizes Excellent prognosis |
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Embryonal Cell Carcinoma
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Gross -- often hemorrhagic and necrotic
Histo -- PLEOMORPHIC, form glands, tubules, etc. Metastasizes early and widely BOTH lymphatic and hematogenous routes Radiation NOT as effective as with seminomas Often present at high stage Still, VERY good prognosis (90-95% 5-yr) |
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Yolk Sac Tumor
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A.K.A. Endodermal Sinus Tumor
SCHILLER-DUVAL BODIES Pure form occurs in very young boys Mixed form occurs in post-pubertal boys Produce large amounts of ALPHA-FP and alpha-1-antitrypsin Behavior is similar to embryonal carcinoma |
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Teratoma
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In children, almost alway benign
In post-pubertal pts. MUST be considered potentially malignant Mature and Immature forms Spread via BOTH hematogenous and lymphatic routes |
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Teratocarcinoma
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When embryonal carcinoma and teratoma are seen together in the same tumor
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Choriocarcinoma
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Pure form is extremely rare (frequently fatal)
Associated with hemorrhage and necrosis Patients are typically adolescents or young adults Pulmonary involvement is COMMON (hemoptysis) Produce BETA-HCG Respond very well to chemo, BUT still a high mortality rate When occurs as mixed tumor, prognosis is better (unusual) |
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Staging of Testicular Cancer
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Stage I -- Local Disease
Stage II -- Retroperitoneal LN disease Stage III -- Distant Disease |
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Nodular hyperplasia (prostate)
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Considered "normal"
95% of males > 70 have this Probably results from imbalance of sex hormones Primarily effects CENTRAL gland (spares periphery) Patients present with urinary retention, bladder infections, even hydronephrosis Does NOT predispose to carcinoma Treated by inhibiting 5-alpha-reductase |
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Adenocarcinoma of Prostate
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Most common carcinoma in males
Rare before the age of 50 Limited biological potential Primarily effects PERIPHERY of gland Prognosis and treatments depends on clinical circumstances No good therapy once it escapes the prostate |
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Stage dependent survivals (5-yr) for Prostate Cancer
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Stage A -- 90+%
Stage B -- 80% Stage C -- 35 - 40% Stage D -- 20% |
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Prostatic Acid Phosphatase
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Typically elevated in patients with extraglandular disease
Cannot be used reliably to test intraglandular |
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Prostatic Specific Antigen
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Elevated in prostatic carcinoma
BUT, also may be increaed in some benign conditions |
