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122 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

humoral immune response

-antibody production



-B lymphocyte recognize thru receptor


-present to T cell


-T cell drives B cells to make plasma cells


-plasma cells make antibodies

cell mediated - B cells (process)

-start in bone marrow


-gene arrangement


-make successful b cell recepter (bcr)


-training for self tolerance



-makes immunogloblins

cell mediated - T cells (process)

-start in bone marrow


-gene arrangement


-successful t cell receptor (alpha&beta)


-move to thymus


-educate/train for tolerance to self in thymus


-move to secondary lymphoid glands

T cells - cell types involved

-process


-linear, short, proteins


-CD8: cytolytic T cells (Tc)


-CD4: helper T cells (Th)

B cells - cell types involved

-process


-immunogloblins


-not linear protein but 3D

CD8:

-cytolytic T cells



-killer


-problem = blow up = necrosis

CD4:

-helper T cells


-help things happen


-make cytokines of all kinds


-influences macrophages and other T cells


(Th1- help make macrophage better & Th2- B cell presenting antigen)

antigen

-recognized as non-self



-foreign substance



-substance that cause your immune system to produce antibodies against it

B cells act in humoral immunity and produce...



B cells don't require...


-antibodies



-MHC presentation

antibody

protein produced by body's immune system
when it detects harmful substances like antigens

autoimmune disorder

when antibody mistakenly produced because it considers a healthy tissue a harmful substance

3 major functions of antibody

-complement activation



-opsinization



-neutralization

macrophages do what to antigens?

both phagocytize (devour) and present antigens

other antigen presenting-self cells (APCs):

-dendritic cells (DC)


-follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)


-B cells

immunity

protection against infection

3 things about human immunity

1. recognition to "non-self" (antigen)



2. highly specific response to non-self



3. memory (lead to good memory)

the part of an antigen that is recognized

epitope

Endogenous:


-heterologous


-autologous


-homologous

-cross react with others



-loss of tolerance



-distinguish tissues

dendritic cells (DC)

-interdigitating cells (interlock like fingers)



-captures & present antigens to T cells



-found in T cell zones in lymphoid tissues

follicular dendritic cells (FDCs)

-trap antigens bound to AB or complement and display to B cells



-found in germinal centers of lymphonodes and spleen


B cells recognize antigen via... and



present it to... via...

-BCR (b cell receptors)



-helper Ts



-MHC II

MHC Class I (MHC I)

-presented on nucleated cells,


-signals CD8+ T cells,


-heavy alpha chain and beta 2-microglobulin chain

MHC CLASS II (MHC II)

-Signal CD4+ helper cells,


-antigen is consumed, processed, and presented,


-two peptide chains of more equal size

Name five different types of anitbodies

1. IgG (gamma)


2. IgA (alpha)


3. IgM (mue)


4. IgE (epsilon)


5. IgD (delta)

IgG (gamma)

-serum & tissue


-readily diffuses


-only one that crosses the placenta (active transport)


-Antibody which neutralizes toxins and


opsonizes bacteria


IgA (alpha)

-seretion/mucus


-found in circulatory system


-Antibody found in mucosa, tears, sweat, bile, and breast milk.


-Stops bacteria and viruses from entering


epithelium

IgM (mue)

-1st to respond when Bcell trigger


-lots of binding sites (10)


-activates complement cascade


-stays in vascular


-neutralizes


-Antibody that is first after immunization


IgE (epsilon)

-mast cells & allergies


-Antibody whose Fc fragment binds to receptors on mast cells, involved in releasing granules


(histamine, leukotrienes, eosinophils),


-involved in parasite infections and


hypersensitivity

IgD (delta)

-surface receptors


-signaling mech. & not in circulation


-Antibody that helps with antigen recognition and activation along with IgM

primary and secondary lymphoid tissue



examples of each

primary: generates lymphocytes


ex- bone marry & thymus



secondary: maintain mature naive lymphocytes & initiate adaptive immune response


ex- spleen skin

Antigens have to be presented to _____


by MHC molecules

T cells

killer T cells

hunt down and destroy cells that are infected with toxics

helper T cells

-required for all adaptive immune responses


-activate B cells to secrete antibodies, macrophages destroy ingested microbes


-help activate cytotoxi T cells to kill infected


target cells


humoral respones follwing hypersensitivity

type I - Anaphylactic


type II - antibody dependent


type III -immune complex-mediated

cellular response follwing hypersensitivity

type IV (cell mediated)

type I (anaphylactic)



& example

-immune isn't really doing anything wrong


-excessive IgE


-allergic reactions


-mast cells are triggered --> running nose


-ex: hay fever, anapylaxis --> bee sting, pollen

type II (antibody dependent)



& example

-antibody mediated cell lysis


-igM/igG/complement cascade



-ex: hemolytic disease of new borns - mom has antibodies against newborns platelets/rbc = death

type III (immune complex-mediated)



& example

-immune complex deposition: release of


lysosomal contents from neutrophils,


histamines, aggregation platelets


-IgG & IgM



-ex: autoimmune disease: rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, drug induced

type IV (cell-mediated)



-no Ig involvement


-cell mediated, inflammation response (swell)



-caused by microbial agents: bacteria, viruses, fungi

hypersensitivity reaction of Hay Fever

type I

hypersensitivity reaction of


anaphylaxis --> bee sting, pollen

type I

hypersensitivity reaction of


SLE and Type I diabetes (IDDM)

type II

hypersensitivity reaction of


Hemolytic Desease of New Borns (HDN)

type II

hypersensitivity reaction of


neonatal isothrombocytopenia (NIST)

type II

hypersensitivity reaction of


adverse transfusion outcome

type II

hypersensitivity reaction of


rheumatoid arthritis

type III

hypersensitivity reaction of SLE

type III

hypersensitivity reaction of drug induced

type III

hypersensitivity reaction of


bacteria: TB, Leprosy

type IV

hypersensitivity reaction of


viruses: small pox, herpes, measles

type IV

hypersensitivity reaction of


fungi: candidiasis, hisoplasmoisis

type IV

hypersensitivity reaction of


poison ivy

type IV

autoimmunity

the failure of an organism in recognizing its own constituent parts as "self," (antibody=good) which allows an immune response against its own cells and tissues

define "self" and why it needs tolerance to self

body’s own cells are self. ( nonself : foreign cells)
tolerance makes for a good immune system
This is the failure (a good thing) to attack the body's own proteins and other antigens. If the immune system should respond to "self", an autoimmune disease may result

loss of self tolerance results to

autoimmunity

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is primarily humoral or cell mediated?

cell mediated

who/when usually gets systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)


mostly female in late adolescents,


early adulthood

causes of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

-lesions caused & excessive autoantibody


production


-diagnostic nightmare: move around your body & always a diff antigen


-schizophrenic immune system

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) humoral or cell mediated?

cell mediated

pathogenesis (development)


of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

1. release of lysosomal content


2. release of histamines


3. aggregation of platelets

anergy:

lack of costimulatory molecules on tissues that may present self results in inactivation of Ts that interact with these "self" tissues

seclusion

tissues exclude the immune cells all together so self-reaction isn't a problem unless the tissue is damaged and proteins are released



ex: lens of eye

mechanisms - loss of


self-tolerance and developing autoimmunity


(1)

1. previously secluded tissue proteins are exposed

mechanisms - loss of


self-tolerance and developing autoimmunity


(2)

2. alteration of tissue antigens



-injury, infection, environmental insults, drugs

mechanisms - loss of


self-tolerance and developing autoimmunity


(3)

3. exposure to 'shared' determinants:


exogenous antigens similar to self antigens

mechanisms - loss of


self-tolerance and developing autoimmunity


(4)

4. idiotype bypass



-idiotype: AG-binding sites that are unique to that AB or BCR


-this is disregulated either on the T or BCR

mechanisms - loss of


self-tolerance and developing autoimmunity


(5)

5. inappropriate la expression


MHC-!! presenting self antigen where they should be down regulated

mechanisms - loss of


self-tolerance and developing autoimmunity


(6)

impaired t cell regulation

many autoimmune disease are more common in

females than male

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)



autoantibodies:

(ANA) antinuclear antibodies

systemic lupus erythematosus SLE



symptoms...

-butterfly rash on face


-youngish female


-pain/swelling joints


-chest pains


-photosensitivity

systemic lupus erythematosus SLE



immune complex deposition causes...

organ damage (especially skin, joints, kidney)

systemic lupus erythematosus SLE


genetic predisposition:

HLA DR2



DR3



BW15

systemic lupus erythematosus SLE



death usually caused by...

renal failure



heart problems/infection

hashimoto's thyroiditis



organ specific:

thyroid

hashimoto's thyroiditis



autoantibodies to thyroid tissues lead to...

destruction of thyroid epithelial cells

hashimoto's thyroiditis



___ cell mediated:

T cell mediated



-CD8+ cell death


-ADCC

hashimoto's thyroiditis



sympotoms:

-enlarged thyroid


-hypothyroidism


-usually middle-aged woman


rhematoid arthritis



is mainly ___ disease

joint

rhematoid arthritis



what causes it

immune complex deposition and damage from cytokines

rhematoid arthritis



more likely in ___ & age range:

(3-5x likely) women



20-40 yr. old

autoimmune hemolytic anemia



autoantibodies:

normal red blood cells

autoimmune hemolytic anemia



can be ____ or


related to _____ or


due to _____

-idiopathic



-autoimmune disorder



-druge (a-methyldopa)

autoimmune hemolytic anemia



results in...

opsonization of rbcs and their phagocytosis

autoimmune hemolytic anemia



are consumed ____ or ____


into ______


which are removed by ____

-macrophages, nibbled



-spherocytes



-spleen

autoimmune hemolytic anemia



results in...

mild anemia (may have splenomegaly)

Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE):

multisystem autoimmune disease which the lesions are caused by immune complex deposition


& characterized by excessive autoantibody


production.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemias:


occurs when antibodies directed against the person's own red blood cells (RBCs) cause them to burst (lyse), leading to insufficient plasma concentration. The lifetime of the RBCs is reduced.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA):

is a long-term disease that leads to inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues.


It can also affect other organs.

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis:

autoimmune disease in which thyroid gland is attacked by a variety of cell- and


antibody-mediated immune processes.

State role of MHC in the immune response


Antigen presenting cells present antigen via MHC to the immune system

o Class 1: endogenous (from within the cell)


o Class 2: exogenous, only seen on APC

Specific immune deficiency:


-afferent: antigen presentation and recognition



-efferent: t cell activation and antibody


production

Nonspecific immune deficiency

- complement



- phagocytosis

immune deficiency



-primary:

-congenital (having since birth)


-genetically determined


-fortunately rare


-appear early in life

immune deficieny



-secondary

-acquired


-secondary to therapy or other disease

primary immune deficiencies


Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)



-affects both...


-thymus is...


-other lymphoid tissue is...


-T and B cell function


-hypoplastic


-atrophic

primary immune deficiencies


Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)



no antibodies + no cell mediated response =

infant with severe, recurrent infections often due to opportunistic pathogens

primary immune deficiencies


Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)



2 common genetic defects:

1. ADA deficiency: build up of A and dATP, lymphocyte death and decrease dna synthesis



2. common gamma chain defect: defective


receptors for cytokines, decrease proliferation of T and B precursors

primary immune deficiencies


Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)



treatment...

bone marrow transplant

primary immune deficiencies



list 2 other primary immune deficiencies:

1. DiGeorge syndrom: thymic develop. defect
, deletion in C22, viruses/intracellular bacterial infections



2. Bruton disease: x-linked agammaglobulinemia


Pre-Bs fail to mature/get blood, low plasma


immunoglobulin, infection by bacteria P. carinii

secondary immune deficiencies



possible causes

-age


-malnutrition


-neoplasia of immune system


-immune suppression


-infection

chronic granulomatous inflammation



characteristics

-more macrophages, lymphs & plasma cells
than neutrophils


-long duration


-tissue injury from inflammatory process


-ongoing repair (angiogenesis, fibrosis)

chronic granulomatous inflammation



examples

-infections that prolong


(TB granulomatous inflammation)


-prolonged exposure to injurious agents


(toxins)


-immune diseases (autoimmune, immune


complexes)

chronic granulomatous inflammation



list some human health problems that chronic granulomatous inflammation plays role in

-alzheimer's


-type 2 diabetes


-atherosclerosis


-some cancers

chronic granulomatous inflammation



one mediator is _____


and roles...

macrophages:


recruited to site from blood and tissue


get rid of microbes & dead cells


tissue repair


interact with T cells, present antigen & respond to signals from them

chronic granulomatous inflammation



2 types of macropages activation which affect downstream behavior

1. classical (microbes, interferon gamma)


inflammation



2. alternative pathway (IL-13, IL-4) tissue repair, firosis, antinflammator

chronic granulomatous inflammation



one mediator is _____


and roles...

lymphocytes:


called to inflammation site


adaptive immunity (plasma cells)


can promote chronic inflammation with macrophages sometimes


cd4+ T cells secrete cytokines influcing


inflammation

chronic granulomatous inflammation



one mediator is _____


and roles...

eosinophils:


-parasites and allergies


-protein in granules kills parasites but host cells too

chronic granulomatous inflammation



one mediator is _____


and roles...

mast cells:


release histamines

chronic granulomatous inflammation



how do we get chronic inflammation?

-localized


-aggregation of large # macrophages


-occurs when living pathogen/foreign material cant be eliminated by


phagocytosis,killing,digesting

List 4 infections that cause granulomas

1. tuberculosis


2. hansen's disease-leprosy


3. schistosomiasis

amyloid



describe physical characteristics of an organ that has significant amounts of amyloid deposition:

-organ is larger, firmer, and paler


-retains fluid due to bad circulation


-structural change cause functional change

amyloid



describe microscopic features and staining


properties of an organ that has significant amounts of amyloid deposition

-staining properties are known as H and E stain


-Hemotaoxic (basic) Eosin (acidic)


-esinophilic become pink



-dichrosism congo red


-metachromasia methylene blue


amyloid



state unifying feature of amyloid proteins

-beta sheets


-give the staining properties


-fibrillar ultra structure


-resistant to physiological solvents


-resistant to preteolytic digestion

amyloid



define primary and secondary amyloidosis

-primary: absence or a recognizable disease



-secondary: follows or associates with disease

amyloid



state origin of amyloid proteins in


immune origin amyloidosis

-systematic


-aminoterminal fragment


-bence jones protein


-Ig light chain

amyloid



state origin of amyloid proteins in


hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis

-B2 microglobin (B2 uglobin)

amyloid



state origin of amyloid proteins in


reactive systemic amyloidosis

-aa type of amyloid


-circulation of acute phase proteins

amyloid



state origin of amyloid proteins in


hereditary system amyloidosis

-all autosomal dominant except familial


meditrainian

amyloid



state origin of amyloid proteins in


endocrine-related amyloidosis

-pancreatic insulits

amyloid



state origin of amyloid proteins in


intracerebral amyloidosis

-neuron loss


-reactive proliferation of astrocytes


-associated with blood vessels

state the relationship of SAA with inflammation

-SAA is high under normal inflammation


-SAA under Basal conditions very low: triggers IL1, IL6, TNF-alpha


-T is apolopproprotein: HDL


-RA and Crohn's Disease