Bisc 220 Exam 1

Front 1

valence electrons

Back 1

electrons in an atom's outer shell that are available for bonding

Front 2

solubility

Back 2

quantity of a compound that can be dissolved in a solvent

Front 3

carbon have a valence of

Back 3

4 which explains its tetrahedral geometry in hydrocarbon compounds

Front 4

which carbon compounds are likely to display spontaneous cyclization?

Back 4

glucose-6, ribose-5 : normally form a ring, 3&4 carbon compound will not

Front 5

Phosphate

Back 5

Formula: R-PO4^(2-)
Name of Compound: Organic phosphates
Examples: ATP, nucleic acids

Front 6

Sulfhydrol

Back 6

Formula: R-SH
Name of Compound: Thiols
Examples: disulfide bridges in protein

Front 7

Amine

Back 7

Formula: R-NH3
Name of Compound: Amines
Examples: Glycine (amino acid)

Front 8

Carboxyl Acid

Back 8

Formula: R-O=OH
Name of Compound: Carboxylic acids
Examples: fatty acids

Front 9

Carbonyl

Back 9

Aldehydes- ex: ethanal
Ketones- ex: batanone
Esters- ex: triglycerides

Front 10

Hydroxyl

Back 10

Formula: R-OH
Name of Compound: Alcohols
Examples: methanol, ethanol

Front 11

geometric isomers

Back 11

rings or double bonds, cis and trans compounds are an example

Front 12

structural isomers

Back 12

compounds with the same atoms but different bonds

Front 13

antimers

Back 13

mirror images, different group attached to each bond

Front 14

water is called the

Back 14

universal solvent because it dissolves many ionic compounds

Front 15

describe what happens at the molecular level when NaCl dissolved in water

Back 15

salt dissociates into ions. Dipols on water make ionization possible

NaCl <=> Cl- + Na+

Front 16

why does water remain neutral despite the production of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions?

Back 16

because it produces the same amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. pH=7=pOH

Front 17

what is a buffer?

Back 17

combination of acid and base, function allows a solution to resist pH

Front 18

Reaction XYZ proceeds with water on the product side. What will most likely happen?

Back 18

ester linkages will form
water on product side mean dehydration which means new molecules will form.

Front 19

What are the four biologically significant macromolecules?

Back 19

Monomers= Monosaccharides, Fatty Acids and Glycerol, Amino Acids, Nucleotides

Front 20

Monosaccharides

Back 20

bonds between monomers: Glycosidic linkages
polymers: carbohydrates

Front 21

Fatty acids and glycerol

Back 21

bonds between monomers: ester linkages
polymers: lipids

Front 22

Amino acids

Back 22

bonds between monomers: Peptide bonds
polymers: proteins

Front 23

Nucleotides

Back 23

bonds between monomers: Phosphodiester linkages
polymers: nucleic acids

Front 24

Order in which all the macromolecules are metabolized by the body

Back 24

Carbs - lipids - proteins - nucleic acids

Front 25

hydrolysis

Back 25

insertion of water; synthesis

Front 26

dehydration reaction

Back 26

synthesis of polymers to monomers, release of water; degradation

Front 27

Starch

Back 27

glycosidic alpha linkages (1 --> 4)

Front 28

Glycogen

Back 28

glycosidic alpha linkages (1 --> 4)

Front 29

Cellulose

Back 29

glycosidic beta linkages (1 --> 4)

Front 30

a chain of amino acids

Back 30

peptide bonds

Front 31

two nucleotides in a string of DNA

Back 31

phophodiester bonds

Front 32

within a triglyceride

Back 32

ester linkages

Front 33

if a segment of DNA has a low G-C: A-T ratio, you can assume it would

Back 33

require less energy to separate the two DNA strands than would a comparable segment of DNA having a high G-C: A-T ratio

Front 34

Levels of protein structure

Back 34

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Front 35

Primary

Back 35

amino acid sequence of proteins read from (N - C terminals)

Front 36

Secondary

Back 36

folds of structure due to H-bonding

Front 37

Tertiary

Back 37

Complex folding of overall 3D shape structure

Front 38

Quaternary

Back 38

association of 2 or more polypeptide chains

Front 39

A molecule of DNA contains

Back 39

deoxyribose sugar, phophodiester bonds, nitrogenous bonds NOT polypeptide bonds bc those are found in protein not DNA

Front 40

A carbohydrate polymer that stores in plants and digestible by animals

Back 40

starch

Front 41

A carbohydrate polymer that stores in plants and is indigestible by animals

Back 41

cellulose

Front 42

the structural level of a protein least affected by a disruption in Hydrogen bonding is the

Back 42

primary level

Front 43

DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that are composed of

Back 43

5 carbon sugars, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group and are found in the nucleus of the cell

Front 44

why are cells so microscopic

Back 44

need a large surface area to volume ratio at surface area goes up total volume stays constant also, group together to function

Front 45

name the shared components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Back 45

plasma membrane, cytoplasm (region inside cell; fluid; cytosol) ribosomes (proteins) genes (chromosomes)

Front 46

name the defining difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Back 46

membrane bound structures; location of DNA in prokaryotes- nucleoid region for eukaryotes- nucleus

Front 47

the chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Where are the corresponding reactions likely to occur in prokaryotic respiration?

Back 47

On the plasma membrane

Front 48

Ribosomes

Back 48

complexes that make proteins

Front 49

Mitochondria

Back 49

site of cellular respiration and ATP generation

Front 50

Microvilli

Back 50

projections of the plasma membrane that increase the cell's surface area

Front 51

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 51

membrane-bound tubules and sacs that synthesize, metabolize and store macromolecules

Front 52

Plasmodesmata

Back 52

Undulating motion, composed of a cluster of microtubules

Front 53

Golgi apparatus

Back 53

Modifies proteins, carbs on proteins, and phospholipids. Serves to synthesize polysaccharides and transport vesicles.

Front 54

Central vacuole

Back 54

Stores and breaks down waste products, hydrolyzes macromolecules, and facilitates plant growth

Front 55

Cilia

Back 55

moves in alternating strokes

Front 56

Plasma Membrane

Back 56

Encloses cell through its phospholipid composition

Front 57

Peroxisome

Back 57

Removes H atoms from substrates to produce hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct in order to finally concert it to water as a means to metabolize and detoxify

Front 58

Chloroplast

Back 58

Used in photosynthesis. Contains thylakoids that are stacked into grana which is surrounded by stroma fluid

Front 59

Nucleus

Back 59

Site of chromosomes and produces ribosomes

Front 60

Cytoskeleton

Back 60

Network of fibers extending throughout cytoplasm to organize structure and activity of the cell.

Front 61

Lysosome

Back 61

Site of macromolecule hydrolysis and autophagy. Food vacuoles from phagocytosis in amoebas and protists can fuse with this to digest their food

Front 62

Centrosome

Back 62

Contains centrioles that are active in cell division, site where microtubules grow out from

Front 63

Flagella

Back 63

Undulating motion, composed of a cluster of microtubules

Front 64

Cell wall

Back 64

Rigid, impermeable, and only present in plants

Front 65

Chromosomes

Back 65

Carry genetic information

Front 66

Nuclear envelope

Back 66

encloses the nucleus from the cytoplasm with a double lipid bilayer

Front 67

Chromatin

Back 67

Condensed chromosomes in the form of DNA would tightly around histone proteins. This condenses before cell division

Front 68

Nuclear pore complex

Back 68

protein structure that lines pores to help protein and RNA go through

Front 69

Nuclear lamina

Back 69

Protein filaments that maintain nucleus shape underneath nuclear envelope

Front 70

Nucleolus

Back 70

Proteins from cytoplasm are assembled into rRNA here, and they are transported out of nuclear pre for translation

Front 71

Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes?

Back 71

a cell that is secreting proteins

Front 72

What is the difference between the smooth ER and rough ER

Back 72

SER: No ribosomes, produces lipids, metabolizes carbs, stores Ca2 and detox
RER: Ribosomes, produces secretory proteins, proteins become part of plasma membrane

Front 73

Tight Junctions

Back 73

Cell membrane tightly pressed together by proteins, no leaking of fluid
example: skin cells

Front 74

Gap Junctions

Back 74

Cytoplasms connected by channels, transfer sugars, amino acids, small
example: heart and embryo tissue

Front 75

Desmosomes

Back 75

cell fasten together into strong sheets
example: muscle cells

Front 76

Cells in the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track the location of these proteins in a cell. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme that is eventually secreted by pancreatic cells. What is the most likely pathway for movement of this protein in the cell?

Back 76

ER--> Golgi --> Vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane

Front 77

Microfilaments

Back 77

2 strands, intertwined actin
Function: Muscle contraction, myosin "walks" along actin to produce muscle contraction, motility in pseudopodia

Front 78

Intermediate Filaments

Back 78

Supercoiled porteins example- keratin
Function: Cell shape, bear tension, anchors nucleus and organelles, forms nuclear lamina

Front 79

Microtubules

Back 79

Tubulin protein,
Function: Cell shape, cell division, organelle movement

Front 80

Membrane phospholipids can

Back 80

move along the plane of the membrane

Front 81

Integrin proteins

Back 81

proteins inside cell membrane, transmembrane proteins
inside: hydrophobic
outside: hydrophillic

Front 82

Fluid membranes have

Back 82

unsaturated hydrocarbon tails, whereas viscous membranes have saturated hydrocarbon tails.

Front 83

How does the sodium/potassium pump work?

Back 83

PUMPK+IN
1. 3 cytoplasmic Na+ bind to pump
2. ATP phophorylates pump- changing cell type
3. Na+ released outside cell, 2 extracellular K+ binds pump dephophorylated
4. Protein changes back to original shape
5. Released in cell, restart cycle

Front 84

How does the proton pump work?

Back 84

ATP forms covalent bond with H+ pump
pumps H+ out

Front 85

How does Sucrose-H+ cotransporter work?

Back 85

Uses potential energy, let H+ back into cell, sucrose gets transported along with H+

Front 86

Name three types of cell communication

Back 86

Paracrine, Neural/synaptic, endocrine

Front 87

Paracrine cell communication

Back 87

secreting cell discharges, regulator to extra cell fluid (inside vesicle)

Front 88

Neural/synaptic cell communication

Back 88

nerve cell releases neurotransmitter into synapse

Front 89

Endocrine cell communication

Back 89

specialized cell secrete hormones to all body cells

Front 90

Hormones, which travel via the circulatory system are used by

Back 90

animals and plants in long distance signaling

Front 91

Neurotransmitters diffusing across synapses is considered

Back 91

a form of long distance signaling

Front 92

Phosphatases remove

Back 92

phosphate groups

Front 93

Kinases add

Back 93

phophate groups

Front 94

A signal transduction pathway will only continue being active as long as

Back 94

its respective ligands remain above a certain threshold

Front 95

Ligand binding may cause branched pathways with several responses

Back 95

two separate ligand induced pathways may also converge into one

Front 96

Ligand receptors on the membrane interact with

Back 96

hydrophilic signaling molecules

Front 97

Receptors in the cytoplasm interact with

Back 97

hydrophobic signaling molecules

Front 98

Name the 3 stages of cell signaling

Back 98

reception, transduction, response

Front 99

Reception

Back 99

ligand binds to target

Front 100

Transduction

Back 100

binding changes reception
protein -> relay molecules -> signal transduction

Front 101

Response

Back 101

transduced signal triggers cellular response in nucleus on cytoplasm

Front 102

Secondary messengers act to trigger the

Back 102

transduction cascade

Front 103

The intracellular concetration of secondary messengers are controlled by

Back 103

receptor activation

Front 104

The three main secondary messengers are

Back 104

Ca2+, cAMP, and IP3

Front 105

Ligand-gated channels

Back 105

ligand binding opens on ion channel, exploiting the concentration gradient.

Front 106

Describe how calcium and IP3 work as secondary messengers in order to elicit a response

Back 106

Uses both G-protein and ligand binds, activate phopholipase C --> PIP2 --> IP3 (opens Ca channels)

Front 107

Steroid hormones control

Back 107

gene expression and intracellular signaling pathways