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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is N |
Prey density |
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what is P |
predator dentisty |
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what is prey density (N) proportional to |
prey growth rate w/o predator |
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what kind of growth does the prey exhibit w/o the predator |
exponential |
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per-capita consumption rate of predators |
proportional to prey density, more prey more eaten |
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per-capita predator birth rate |
proportional to per capita consumption rate, the more predator eats, more offspring it produces |
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what is predator death rate proportional to |
predator density, the more predators the more that die |
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when predator amd prey growth rate are dependent on each other |
an increase in prey population is followed by an increase in the predator population then prey population decreases, then |
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food limitation |
prey overshoots k, carrying capacity and periodically crashes |
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pure predator prey dynamics |
int. bw predator and prey drive oscillations |
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hares suvive more when what two factors come into play |
more food, less predators |
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how do defended and undefended algae frequecies evolove |
in a cyclical way that keeps densitites nearly constant |
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prey density dependence |
logistic grwoth in prey |
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resource use niche |
range of resource type utilized by species in absence of interactions w other species |
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niche overlap |
correspomds to region of overlap bw resource use curves for two competing species |
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when there is little niche overlap |
resource partitioning allows coexistence |
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when there is large niche overlap |
competitive exclusion is likely |
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charavcter displacement |
minimal in places where their distribution do not overlap |
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prey refuges |
some density of prey are inaccessible |
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parasitoid |
organsim that during its development lives in or on body of single host individual killing that individual |
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competitionq |
both species harmed by interation |
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ammensalism |
one harmed, other unaffected |
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antagonsitic |
one benefits, other is harmed |
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mutualism |
both benefit |
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commensalism |
one benefits other is unaffected |
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intraspecific int... |
reduces survival (self-thinning) compete for water light nutrients |
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large plants= |
low density |
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smaller plants |
planted at high density |
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interspecific comp |
between, two species may have diff comp abilities |
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competitve exclusion principle |
two species that, one will drive the other extinct |
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the R rule |
two species competing for single limiting resource species that suppresses resourcce to lower equilibrium value will competitively exclude other species |
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heterozygote advantagee |
higher fitness |
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negative frequency dependent selec |
rate genotypes have higher frequency |
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why are 2 alleles better than 1 |
disease resistance, antagonistic pleitropy, metabolic pathways |
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disease resistance |
diff resistsnce alleles may confer resistance against diff pathogens |
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how does natural selection maintain allelic variation? |
genotype and environment interactions balancing selection |
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what does directional selection act on |
individual phenotypes to change population trait mean and pop frequency of alleles controlling that trait |
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advvantageous recessive alleles take |
longer to spread than dominnant alleles |
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purifying selection |
removes deleterious recessive mutations |
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positive selection |
drives advantageous mutations to high frequency |
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natural slection |
fluctuates overtime |
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directional selection |
differs across space |
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balancing selection |
acts to maintain allelic polymorphisms w/in pop |
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different genotypes have |
higher fitness in DIFFERNT ENVIRONMENTS |
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how do population evolve when hardy weinberg assumptionss are violated |
new mutations, small populations, non-random mating, gene flow(migration) bw pops, natural selction (next time) |
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genetic drift |
how random processes contribute to evolutionary change |
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geneticc risks for small populations and consequeces |
rare species conservation human disease |
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what is a mutation |
any change in the DNA sequence |
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is a mutation an unlikely casue for hardy weinberg at any given locus |
yes |
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most mutations are |
deleteriuos or neutral some are beneficial |
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what happens in small population |
random changes in allelic frequencies bc sampling error from gen to gen |
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is sampling error more important in small or big pops |
small pops |
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what does gentic drift cause |
allele frequencies to fluctuate overtime |
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what else does genetic drift cause |
random permamnent allele loss |
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what happens once an allele is lost from the population |
its frequency is fixed at 0 other allele frequency is fixed at 1. |
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where is the rate of genetic drift highest> |
in smaller population |
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do allele frequencies drift in large pops |
yes but very slow |
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wht does genetic drift cause |
loss of allelic diversity and evolutionary change when pop size declines |
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which alleles are more likely to be los |
rare( low frequency) |
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which ones sometimes rise to high frequency |
rare deleterious |
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what decreases when gentic variation decreases |
avg prop of heterozygous genotypes at each locus |
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d or r huntindons disease |
dominant, singe immigrant brought allele in small founder pop |
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d or r ellis van creveld syndrome |
recessive |
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why are genetic bottlenecks a problem ( genetic load of deleterious recessives |
problem for conserving many rare or endangered species |
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who has higher survival |
hybrids |
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non-randoom mating |
occurs when individuals choose mates w particular phenotypes or genotypes |
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random mating |
mating between similar genotypes |
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non random |
avoidance of mating bw relatives |
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how much does inbreeding heterozygosity decline |
1/2 every generation |
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what does inbreeding expose |
deleterious recesive alles |
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what are the comsequences of exposng deleterios recessive alleles |
human genetic diseases conserving small pops of rare species |
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genetic drift causes |
high frequencies of deleterious alleles in small pops |
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fitness is ...for more inbred families |
lower (# of pups surviving winter) |
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when can pollination occur |
if S allele in pollen grain carries s allele diff from either maternal allele all ind must be heterozygous at s locus prevent inbreeding (inbreeeding depression) |
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how can allele frequencies be changed |
arrival of other individuals diif departure of ind out of pop esp if pop is small |
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pop |
interbreeding group of organsims of same species modt consist of multiple geographic pops |
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what does natural selection act upon |
individuals of same species w/in pops |
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what is relative fitness |
differential survival and reproduction relative to other members of the pop |
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what do pops do |
evolve , changes in frequencies of alleles controlling traits under selection |
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to measure genetic change in pop |
keep track of prop of individuala w genotype in pop |
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what else do u need to keep track off in measuring genetic change in pops |
prop of allele across all ind in pop or in gametes prod by those ind |
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what are trasmitted from parent to offspring |
only alleles, not gentoypes |
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gene pool |
all alleles present in members of pop |
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what does each individual contribute |
gametes according to its genotype |
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when do diploid organisms reach equilibrium |
after one generation of random mating |
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pleiotropy |
one gene, multiple traits |
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epistasis |
gene x gene int` |
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multiple factor inheritance |
allelic variation at one locus affects multiple traits |
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pleiotropic effects |
hemoglobin variants |
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sickle cell disease |
recessive hbs causes sickle cell disease but protects against malaria in heterozygotes |
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alpha+ thalassemia |
recessive allele causes thalassemia in homozygotes but protects against malaria in heterozygotes |
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epistasis |
phenotypic effect of allele at one locus depends upon genotype of allele at another locus |
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when does epistasis occur |
when two genes interact in a devel or biosythetic pathway |
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what does phenotypic effect of allele or genotype depend on |
the environment |
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what is mendels 2nd law |
independent assortment |
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independent assortment |
alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation if they are on diff chromosomes |
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polygenic traits |
controlled by many genes of small effect |
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loci linked on the same chromosome... |
do not assort independently |
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meiotic crossover and recombination are less likely |
for loci that are close together |
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blended inheritance (pop will bc uniform no variation for selection to act upon) |
hereditary determinants in egg and sperm are irreversibly blended |
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particular inheritance |
inherited through discrete particles which keep ability to be expressed while not always appearing in descending gen |
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f1 |
allowed to slef pollinate |
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hermaphroditic |
both sexes in one flower allowing self pollination |
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mendels 1st law |
when any individual produces gametes, two copies of gene segregate so each gamete recieves only one copy |
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a number of human genetic disorders are caused by |
single locus mutaiton |
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linkage |
genes close together on same chromosome do not assort independently |
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semelparity |
reproducing once in a lifetime and then dying |
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iteroparity |
reproducing many times in a lifetime |
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principle of allocation |
tradeoffs exist, there is no way all life functions can be maximized simultaneously |