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109 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

what is N

Prey density

what is P

predator dentisty

what is prey density (N) proportional to

prey growth rate w/o predator

what kind of growth does the prey exhibit w/o the predator

exponential

per-capita consumption rate of predators

proportional to prey density, more prey more eaten



per-capita predator birth rate

proportional to per capita consumption rate, the more predator eats, more offspring it produces

what is predator death rate proportional to

predator density, the more predators the more that die

when predator amd prey growth rate are dependent on each other

an increase in prey population is followed by an increase in the predator population then prey population decreases, then

food limitation

prey overshoots k, carrying capacity and periodically crashes

pure predator prey dynamics

int. bw predator and prey drive oscillations

hares suvive more when what two factors come into play

more food, less predators

how do defended and undefended algae frequecies evolove

in a cyclical way that keeps densitites nearly constant

prey density dependence

logistic grwoth in prey



resource use niche

range of resource type utilized by species in absence of interactions w other species



niche overlap

correspomds to region of overlap bw resource use curves for two competing species

when there is little niche overlap

resource partitioning allows coexistence

when there is large niche overlap

competitive exclusion is likely

charavcter displacement

minimal in places where their distribution do not overlap

prey refuges

some density of prey are inaccessible

parasitoid

organsim that during its development lives in or on body of single host individual killing that individual

competitionq

both species harmed by interation

ammensalism

one harmed, other unaffected

antagonsitic

one benefits, other is harmed

mutualism

both benefit

commensalism

one benefits other is unaffected



intraspecific int...

reduces survival (self-thinning) compete for water light nutrients

large plants=

low density

smaller plants

planted at high density

interspecific comp

between, two species may have diff comp abilities

competitve exclusion principle

two species that, one will drive the other extinct

the R rule

two species competing for single limiting resource species that suppresses resourcce to lower equilibrium value will competitively exclude other species

heterozygote advantagee

higher fitness

negative frequency dependent selec

rate genotypes have higher frequency

why are 2 alleles better than 1

disease resistance, antagonistic pleitropy, metabolic pathways

disease resistance

diff resistsnce alleles may confer resistance against diff pathogens

how does natural selection maintain allelic variation?

genotype and environment interactions


balancing selection

what does directional selection act on

individual phenotypes to change population trait mean and pop frequency of alleles controlling that trait

advvantageous recessive alleles take

longer to spread than dominnant alleles

purifying selection

removes deleterious recessive mutations

positive selection

drives advantageous mutations to high frequency

natural slection

fluctuates overtime

directional selection

differs across space

balancing selection

acts to maintain allelic polymorphisms w/in pop

different genotypes have

higher fitness in DIFFERNT ENVIRONMENTS

how do population evolve when hardy weinberg assumptionss are violated

new mutations, small populations, non-random mating, gene flow(migration) bw pops, natural selction (next time)

genetic drift

how random processes contribute to evolutionary change

geneticc risks for small populations and consequeces

rare species conservation


human disease

what is a mutation

any change in the DNA sequence

is a mutation an unlikely casue for hardy weinberg at any given locus

yes

most mutations are

deleteriuos or neutral some are beneficial

what happens in small population

random changes in allelic frequencies bc sampling error from gen to gen

is sampling error more important in small or big pops

small pops

what does gentic drift cause

allele frequencies to fluctuate overtime

what else does genetic drift cause

random permamnent allele loss

what happens once an allele is lost from the population

its frequency is fixed at 0 other allele frequency is fixed at 1.

where is the rate of genetic drift highest>

in smaller population

do allele frequencies drift in large pops

yes but very slow

wht does genetic drift cause

loss of allelic diversity and evolutionary change when pop size declines

which alleles are more likely to be los

rare( low frequency)

which ones sometimes rise to high frequency

rare deleterious

what decreases when gentic variation decreases

avg prop of heterozygous genotypes at each locus

d or r huntindons disease

dominant, singe immigrant brought allele in small founder pop

d or r ellis van creveld syndrome

recessive

why are genetic bottlenecks a problem ( genetic load of deleterious recessives

problem for conserving many rare or endangered species

who has higher survival

hybrids

non-randoom mating

occurs when individuals choose mates w particular phenotypes or genotypes

random mating

mating between similar genotypes

non random

avoidance of mating bw relatives

how much does inbreeding heterozygosity decline

1/2 every generation

what does inbreeding expose

deleterious recesive alles

what are the comsequences of exposng deleterios recessive alleles

human genetic diseases


conserving small pops of rare species

genetic drift causes

high frequencies of deleterious alleles in small pops

fitness is ...for more inbred families

lower (# of pups surviving winter)

when can pollination occur

if S allele in pollen grain carries s allele diff from either maternal allele


all ind must be heterozygous at s locus


prevent inbreeding (inbreeeding depression)

how can allele frequencies be changed

arrival of other individuals


diif departure of ind out of pop esp if pop is small

pop

interbreeding group of organsims of same species modt consist of multiple geographic pops

what does natural selection act upon

individuals of same species w/in pops

what is relative fitness

differential survival and reproduction relative to other members of the pop

what do pops do

evolve , changes in frequencies of alleles controlling traits under selection

to measure genetic change in pop

keep track of prop of individuala w genotype in pop

what else do u need to keep track off in measuring genetic change in pops

prop of allele across all ind in pop or in gametes prod by those ind

what are trasmitted from parent to offspring

only alleles, not gentoypes

gene pool

all alleles present in members of pop

what does each individual contribute

gametes according to its genotype

when do diploid organisms reach equilibrium

after one generation of random mating

pleiotropy

one gene, multiple traits

epistasis

gene x gene int`

multiple factor inheritance

allelic variation at one locus affects multiple traits

pleiotropic effects

hemoglobin variants

sickle cell disease

recessive hbs causes sickle cell disease but protects against malaria in heterozygotes

alpha+ thalassemia

recessive allele causes thalassemia in homozygotes but protects against malaria in heterozygotes

epistasis

phenotypic effect of allele at one locus depends upon genotype of allele at another locus

when does epistasis occur

when two genes interact in a devel or biosythetic pathway

what does phenotypic effect of allele or genotype depend on

the environment

what is mendels 2nd law

independent assortment

independent assortment

alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation if they are on diff chromosomes

polygenic traits

controlled by many genes of small effect

loci linked on the same chromosome...

do not assort independently

meiotic crossover and recombination are less likely

for loci that are close together

blended inheritance


(pop will bc uniform no variation for selection to act upon)

hereditary determinants in egg and sperm are irreversibly blended

particular inheritance

inherited through discrete particles which keep ability to be expressed while not always appearing in descending gen

f1

allowed to slef pollinate

hermaphroditic

both sexes in one flower allowing self pollination

mendels 1st law

when any individual produces gametes, two copies of gene segregate so each gamete recieves only one copy

a number of human genetic disorders are caused by

single locus mutaiton

linkage

genes close together on same chromosome do not assort independently

semelparity

reproducing once in a lifetime and then dying

iteroparity

reproducing many times in a lifetime

principle of allocation

tradeoffs exist, there is no way all life functions can be maximized simultaneously