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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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embryo
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A young developing organism; the stage after fertilization and zygote formation.
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apoptosis
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Series of genetically controlled changes that lead to death of a cell. Occurs frequently during embryological development and later may occur in response to infections or cell damage. Also called programmed cell death.
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gastrulation
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The process by which some cells on the outside of a young embryo move to the interior of the embryo, resulting in the three distinct germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
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differentiation
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The process by which a relatively unspecialized cell becomes a distinct specialized cell type (e.g., liver cell, brain cell) usually by changes in gene expression. Also called cell differentiation.
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stem cells
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Any relatively undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce daughter cells identical to itself or more specialized daughter cells, which differentiate further into specific cell types.
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meristems
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In plants, a group of undifferentiated cells that can develop into various adult tissues throughout the life of a plant.
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differential gene expression
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Expression of different sets of genes in cells with the same genome. Responsible for creating different cell types.
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clone
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(1) An individual that is genetically identical to another individual.
(2) A lineage of genetically identical individuals or cells. (3) As a verb, to make one or more genetic replicas of a cell or individual. |
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regulatory transcription factors
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General term for proteins that bind to DNA regulatory sequences (eukaryotic enhancers, silencers, and promoter-proximal elements), but not to the promoter itself, leading to an increase or decrease in transcription of specific genes.
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anterior
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Toward an animal's head and away from it's tail. The opposite of posterior.
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posterior
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Toward an animal's tail and away from its head. The opposite of anterior.
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ventral
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Toward an animal's belly and away from its back. The opposite of dorsal.
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dorsal
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Toward an animal's back and away from its belly. The opposite of ventral.
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pattern formation
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The series of events that determines the spatial organization of an embryo, including alignment of the major boy axes and orientation of the limbs.
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segment
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A well-defined region of the body along the anterior-posterior body axis, containing similar structures as other, nearby segments.
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in situ hybridization
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A technique for detecting specific DNAs and mRNAs in cells and tissues by use of labeled probes. Can be used to determine where and when particular genes are expressed in embryos.
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segmentation genes
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A group of genes that affect body segmentation in embryonic development. Includes gap genes, pair-rule genes, and segment polarity genes.
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regulatory cascade
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In embryonic development, a progressive series of interactions among genes and/or cytoplasmic determinants that organizes the body plan of an embryo.
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homeotic genes
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Any gene that specifies a particular location within an embryo, leading to the development of structures appropriate for that location. Mutations in homeotic genes cause the development of extra body parts or body parts in the wrong places.
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homeosis
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Replacement of one body part by another normally found elsewhere in the body as the result of mutation in certain developmentally important genes (homeotic genes)
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Hox genes
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A class of homeotic genes found in several animal phyla, including vertebrates, that are expressed in a distinctive pattern along the anterior-posterior axis in early embryos and control formation of segment-specific structures.
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evo-devo
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Research field focused on how changes in developmentally important genes have led to the evolution of new phenotypes.
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