Biopsychology (Pinel) - Chapter 9

Front 1

A small patch of ectodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of the vertebrate embryo, from which the neural groove, the neural tube, and, ultimately, the mature nervous system develop.

Back 1

Neural Plate
(Page 215)

Front 2

The middle of the three cell layers in the developing embryo.

Back 2

Mesoderm Layer
(Page 216)

Front 3

Capable of developing into any type of mature body cell.

Back 3

Totipotent
(Page 216)

Front 4

Capable of developing into a limited number of types of mature body cell.

Back 4

Multipotent
(Page 216)

Front 5

Developing cells that have the capacity for self-renewal and the potential to develop into various types of mature cells.

Back 5

Stem Cells
(Page 216)

Front 6

The tube that is formed in the vertebrate embryo when the edges of the neural groove fuse and that develops into the central nervous system.

Back 6

Neural Tube
(Page 216)

Front 7

The rapid increase in the number of neurons that follows the formation of the neural tube.

Back 7

Neural Proliferation
(Page 217)

Front 8

The region adjacent to the ventricle in the developing neural tube; the zone where neural proliferation occurs.

Back 8

Ventricular Zone
(Page 217)

Front 9

The movement of cells from their site of creation in the ventricular zone of the neural tube to their ultimate location in the mature nervous system.

Back 9

Migration
(Page 217)

Front 10

Movement of cells in the developing neural tube from the ventricular zone in a straight line outwards towards the tube's outer wall.

Back 10

Radial Migration
(Page 217)

Front 11

Movement of cells in the developing neural tube in a direction parallel to the tubes walls.

Back 11

Tangential Migration
(Page 217)

Front 12

One of two major modes of neural migration in which an extension grows out from the undeveloped neuron and draws the cell body up into it

Back 12

Somal Translocation
(Page 217)

Front 13

One of two major modes of neural migration during development, by which imature neurons move out from the central canal along the radial glial cells.

Back 13

Glia-Mediated Migration
(Page 217)

Front 14

Glial cells that exist in the neural tube only during the period of neural migration, and that form a network along which radial migration occurs.

Back 14

Radial Glial Cells
(Page 217)

Front 15

The pattern of cortical development in which orderly waves of tangential migrations progress systematically from deeper to more superficial layers.

Back 15

Inside-Out Pattern
(Page 217)

Front 16

The structure that is formed by cells breaking off from the neural groove during the formation of the neural tube and that develops into the peripheral nervous system.

Back 16

Neural Crest
(Page 217)

Front 17

The alignment of cells within different areas of the embryo during development to form various structures.

Back 17

Aggregation
(Page 218)

Front 18

Molecules on the surface of cells that have the ability to recognize specific molecules on the surface of other cells and bind to them.

Back 18

Cell-Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
(Page 218)

Front 19

Amoeba-like structure at the tip of each growing axon or dendrite that guides growth to the appropriate target.

Back 19

Growth Cone
(Page 219)

Front 20

Retinal neurons whose axons leave the eyeball and form the optic nerve.

Back 20

Retinal Ganglion Cells
(Page 219)

Front 21

The main destination of retinal ganglion cells in lower vertebrates.

Back 21

Optic Tectum
(Page 219)

Front 22

The hypothesis that growing axons are attracted to the correct targets by different chemicals released by the target sites.

Back 22

Chemoaffinity Hypothesis
(Page 219)

Front 23

The first growth cones to travel along a particular route in the developing nervous system.

Back 23

Pioneer Growth Cones
(Page 220)

Front 24

The tendency of developing axons to grow along the paths established by preceding axons.

Back 24

Fasciculation
(Page 220)

Front 25

The hypothesis that axonal growth is guided by the relative position of the cell bodies on intersecting gradients, rather than by point-to-point coding of neural connections.

Back 25

Topographic Gradient Hypothesis
(Page 220)

Front 26

The formation of new synapses.

Back 26

Synaptogenesis
(Page 220)

Front 27

Chemicals that are supplied to developing neurons by their targets and that promote their survival.

Back 27

Neurotrophins
(Page 221)

Front 28

A neurotrophin that attracts the growing axons of the sympathetic nervous system and promotes their survival.

Back 28

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
(Page 221)

Front 29

Passive cell death, which is characterized by inflammation.

Back 29

Necrosis
(Page 221)

Front 30

Cell death that is actively induced by genetic programs; programmed cell death.

Back 30

Apoptosis
(Page 221)

Front 31

The tendency to continue making a formerly correct response that is currently incorrect.

Back 31

Perseveration
(Page 224)

Front 32

Particular experiences that are necessary for a particular genetic program to be manifested.

Back 32

Permissive Experiences
(Page 225)

Front 33

Particular experiences that influence the direction of a genetic program of development.

Back 33

Instructive Experiences
(Page 225)

Front 34

A period during development in which a particular experience must occur for it to influence the course of subsequent development.

Back 34

Critical Period
(Page 225)

Front 35

The period during the development of a particular trait, usually early in life, when a particular experience is likely to change the course of that development.

Back 35

Sensitive Period
(Page 225)

Front 36

The growth of new neurons.

Back 36

Neurogenesis
(Page 227)

Front 37

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by (1) a reduced ability to interpret the emotions and intentions of others, (2) a reduced capacity for social interaction and communication, and (3) a preoccupation with single subject or activity.

Back 37

Autism
(Page 229)

Front 38

Intellectually handicapped individuals who nevertheless display amazing and specific cognitive or artistic abilities; savant abilities are sometimes associated with autism.

Back 38

Savants
(Page 230)

Front 39

A neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, accompanied by preserved language and social skills.

Back 39

Williams Syndrome
(Page 232)

Front 40

The cortex of the inferior frontal lobes, adjacent to the orbits, which receives olfactory input from the thalamus.

Back 40

Orbitofrontal Cortex
(Page 233)

Front 41

The large gyrus of the temporal lobe adjacent to the lateral fissure; the location of the auditory cortex.

Back 41

Superior Temporal Gyrus
(Page 234)