Biopsychology Of Emotion, Stress And Health (Pinel)

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James-Lange theory

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The theory that emotional experience results from the brains perception of the pattern of autonomic and somatic nervous system responses elicited by emotion inducing sensory stimuli

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Cannon-Bard theory

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The theory that emotional experience and emotional expression are parallel processes that have no direct causal relation

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Decorticate

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Lacking a cortex

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Sham rage

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The exaggerated, poorly directed aggressive responses of decorticate animals

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Limbic system

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A collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that borders the thalamus and is widely assumed to play a role in emotion

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Kluver-Bucy syndrome

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The syndrome of behavioural changes like a lack of fear or hypersexuality that is induced in primates by bilateral damage to the anterior temporal lobes

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Amygdala

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A structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus: plays a role in the emotional significance of memories

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Polygraphy

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A method of interrogation in which autonomic nervous system indexes of emotion are used to infer the truthfulness of the responses

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Control-question technique

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A lie-detection interrogation method in which the polygrapher compares the physiological responses to target questions with responses to the control questions

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Guilty-knowledge technique

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A lie-detection method in which the polygrapher records autonomic nervous system responses to a list of control and crime-related information known only to the guilty person and the examiner

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Facial feedback hypothesis

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The hypothesis that our facial expressions can influence how we feel

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Duchenne smile

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A genuine smile, one that includes contraction of the facial muscles called the orbicularis oculi

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Fear

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The emotional reaction that is normally elicited by the presence or expectation of threatening stimuli

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Defensive behaviours

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Behaviours whose primary function is protection from threat or harm

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Aggressive behaviours

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Behaviours whose primary function is to threaten or harm other organisms

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Alpha male

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The dominant male of a colony

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Target-site concept

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The idea that aggressive and defensive behaviours of an animal are often designed to attack specific sites on the body of another animal while protecting specific sites on its own

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Fear conditioning

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Establishing fear of a previously neutral conditional stimulus by pairing it with an aversive unconditional stimulus

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Hippocampus

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A structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in memory for spatial location

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Lateral nucleus of the amygdala

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The nucleus of the amygdala that plays the major role in the acquisition, storage and expression of conditioned fear

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Prefrontal cortex

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The areas of frontal cortex that are anterior to the frontal motor areas

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Stress

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The physiological response to physical or psychological threat

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Stressors

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Experiences that induce the stress response

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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The anterior pituitary hormone that triggers the release of gonadal and adrenal hormones from the adrenal cortex

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Glucocorticoids

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Steroid hormones that are released from the adrenal cortex in response to stressors

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Adrenal cortex

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The outer layer of the adrenal glands, which releases glucocorticoids in response to stressors, as well as steroid hormones in small amounts

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Adrenal medulla

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The core of each adrenal gland, which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stressors

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Cytokines

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A group of peptide hormones that are released by many cells and participate in a variety of physiological and immunological responses, causing inflammation and fever

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Subordination stress

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Stress experienced by animals, typically males, that are continually attacked by higher-ranking conspecifics

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Psychosomatic disorder

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Any physical disorder that can be caused or exacerbated by stress

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Gastric ulcers

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Painful lesions to the lining of the stomach or duodenum

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Psychoneuroimmunology

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The study of interactions among psychological factors, the nervous system and the immune system

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Immune system

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The system that infects the body against infectious micro-organisms

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Antigens

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Proteins on the surface of cells that identify them as native or foreign

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Innate immune system

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The immune system's first line of defense; it acts near entry points to the body and attacks generic classes of molecules produced by a variety of pathogens

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Pathogens

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Disease-causing agents

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Adaptive immune system

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The division of the immune system that mounts targeted attacks on foreign pathogens by binding to antigens in their cell membranes

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Vaccination

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Administering a weakened form of a virus so that if the virus later invades,the adaptive immune system is prepared to deal with it

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Immunization

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The process of creating immunity through vaccination

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Toll-like receptors

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Receptors found in the cell membranes of many cells of the innate immune system; they trigger phagocytosis and inflammatory responses

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Phagocytes

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Cells, such as macrophages and microglia,that destroy and ingest pathogens

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Macrophage

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A large phagocyte that plays a role in cell mediated immunity

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Phagocytosis

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The destruction and ingestion of foreign matter by cells of the immune system

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Lymphocytes

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Specialised white blood cells that are produced in bone marrow and play important roles in the body's immune reactions

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Cell-mediated immunity

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The immune reaction by which T cells destroy invading micro-organisms

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Antibody-mediated immunity

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The immune reaction by which B cells destroy invading micro-organisms

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B cells

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B lymphocytes; lymphocytes that manufacture antibodies against antigens then encounter

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Antibodies

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Proteins that bind specifically to antigens on the surface of the invading micro-organisms and in so doing promote the destruction of the micro-organisms

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T-reg cells

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Regulatory T cells; they protect the body from autoimmune disease by identifiying and destroying T cells that engage in autoimmune activity

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Autoimmune diseases

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Diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis) that arise when the immune system begins to attack healthy body cells as if they were foreign pathogens

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Epigenetic

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Not of the genes; refers to non-genetic means by which traits are passed from parents to offspring

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Corticosterone

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The predominant glucocorticoid in humans

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Adrenalectomy

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Surgical removal of the adrenal glands

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Mirror-like system

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Areas of the cortex that are active both when a person performs a particular response and when the person perceives somebody else performing the same response - relates to mirror neurons (they fire during this system)

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Urbach-Wiethe disease

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A genetic disorder that often results in the calcification of the amygdala and surrounding brain structures

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Suppression paradigm

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An experimental method for studying emotion; subjects are asked to inhibit their emotional reactions to unpleasant films or photos while their brain activity is recorded

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Reappraisal paradigm

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An experimental method for studying emotion; subjects are asked to reinterpret a film or photo to change their emotional reaction to it while their brain activity is recorded