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70 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Conditioned Defensive Burying
The burial of a source of aversive stimulation by rodents
Lordosis
The arched-back, rump-up, tail-to-the-side posture of female rodent sexual receptivity, which serves to facilitate intromission
Intromission
Insertion of the penis into the vagina
Ejaculate
Ejection of Sperm
Lordosis Quotient
The proportion of mounts that elicit lordosis
Pavlovian Conditioning Paradigm
A paradigm in which the experimenter pairs an initially neutral stimulus (conditional stimulus) with a stimulus (unconditional stimulus) that elicits a reflexive response (unconditional response); after several pairings, the neutral stimulus elicits a response (conditional response).
Operant Conditioning Paradigm
A paradigm in which the rate of a particular voluntary response is increased by reinforcement or decreased by punishment
Self-stimulation Paradigm
A paradigm in which animals press a lever to administer reinforcing electrical stimulation to their own brains
Conditioned Taste Aversion
An avoidance response developed by animals to the taste of food whose consumption has been followed by illness
Radial Arm Maze
A maze in which several arms radiate out from a central starting chamber, commonly used to study spatial learning in rats
Morris Water Maze
A poolof milky water that has a goal platform invisible just beneath its surface and is used to study the ability of rats to learn spatial locations
Cognitive Neuroscience
A division of biopsychology that focuses on the use of functional brain imaging to study the neural bases of human cognition
Constituent Cognitive Processes
Simple cognitive processes that combine to produce complex cognitive processes and that are assumed to be mediated by neural activity in particular parts of the brain
Paired-Image Subtraction Technique
The use of PET or fMRI to locate constituent cognitive processes in the brain by producing an image of the difference in brain activity associated with two cognitive tasks that differ in terms of single constituent cognitive process
Default Mode
The pattern of brain activity that is associated with relaxed wakefulness, when an individual is not focused on the external world
Default Mode Network
The network of brain structures that tends to be active when the brain is in default mode
Species-common Behaviors
Behaviors that are displayed in the same manner by virtually all like members of a species
Open-field Test
A method for recording and scoring the general activity of an animal in a large, barren chamber
Thigmotaxic
Tending to stay near the walls of an open space such as a test chamber
Colony-Intruder Paradigm
A paradigm for the study of aggressive and defensive behaviors in male rats; a small male intruder rat is placed in an established colony in order to study the aggressive responses of the colony's alpha male and the defensive responses of the intruder
Elevated Plus Maze
An apparatus for recording defensiveness or ansioety in rats by assessing their tendency to avoid the two open arms of a plus-sign-shaped maze mounted some distance above the floor of a lab
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)
A protein that is found in some species of jellyfish and that fluoresces hen exposed to blue light; thus, inserting GFP genes into neurons allows researchers to visualize the neurons
Brainbow
A neuroanatomical technique that involves inserting various mutations of the green fluorescent protein gene into neural tissue so that different neurons fluoresce in different colors
Behavioral Paradigm
A single set of procedures developed for the investigation of a particular behavior phenomenon
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
A widely used test of general intelligence that includes 11 subsets
Digit Span
The longest sequence of random digits that can be repeated correctly 50% of the time - most people have a digit span of 7
Token Test
A preliminary test for language-related deficits that involves following verbal instructions to touch or move tokens of different shapes, sizes, and colors
Sodium Amytal Test
A test involving the anesthetization of first one cerebral hemisphere and then the other to determine which hemisphere plays the dominant role in language
Dichotic Listening Test
A test of language lateralization in which two different sequences of three spoken digits are presented simultaneously, one to each ear, and the subject is asked to report all of the digits heard
Repetition Priming Tests
Tests of implicit memory; in one example a list of words is presented, then fragments of the original words are presented and the subject is asked to complete them
Wisconsin Car Sorting Test
A neuropsychological test that evaluates a patient's ability to remember that previously learned rules of behavior are no longer effective and to learn to respond to new rules
Cryogenic Blockade
The temporary elimination of neural activity in an area of the brain by cooling the area with a cryoprobe
Cannula
A fine, hollow tube that is implanted in the body for the purpose of introducing or extracting substances
Neurotoxins
Neural poisons
Autoradiography
The technique of photographically developing brain slices that have been exposed to a radioactively labeled substance such as 2-DG so that regions of high uptake are visible
Cerebral Dialysis
A method for recording changes in brain chemistry in behaving animals in which a fine tube with a short semipermeable section is implanted in the brain, and extracellular neurochemicals are continuously drawn off for analysis
Immunocytochemistry
A procedure for locating particular proteins in the brain by labeling their antibodies with a dye or radioactive element and then exposing slices of brain tissue to the labeled antibodies
In Situ Hybridization
A technique for locating particular proteins in the brain; molecules that bind to the mRNA that directs the synthesis of the target protein are synthesized and labeled, and brain slices are exposed to them
Gene Knockout Techniques
Procedures for creating organisms that lack a particular gene
Gene Replacement Techniques
Procedures for creating organisms in which a particular gene has been replaced with another
Transgenic Mice
Mice into which the genetic material of another species has been introduced
Electrooculography
A technique for recording eye movements through electrodes placed around the eye
Skin Conductance Level (SCL)
The steady level of skin conductance associated with a particular situation
Skin Conductance Response (SCR)
The transient change in skin conductance associated with a brief experience
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
A recording of the electrical signals associated with heartbeats
Hypertension
Chronically high blood pressure
Plethysmography
Any technique for measuring changes in the volume of blood in a part of the body
Stereotaxic Atlas
A series of maps representing the three-dimensional structure of the brain that is used to determine coordinates for stereotaxic surgery
Bregma
The point on the surface of the skull where two of the major sutures intersect, commonly used as a reference point in stereotaxic surgery on rodents
Stereotaxic Instrument
A device for performing stereotaxic surgery, composed of two parts: a head holder and an electrode holder
Aspiration
A lesion technique in which tissue is drawn off by suction through the fine tip of a glass pipette
Temporal Resolution
Ability of a recording technique to detect differences in time (i.e. to pinpoint when an event occurred
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
A technique for disrupting the activity in an area of the cortex by creating amagnetic field under a coil positioned next to the skull; the effect of the disruption on cognition is assessed to clarify the function of the affected area of cortex
Electroencephalography
A technique for recording the gross electrical activity of the brain through disk shaped electrodes, which in humans are usually taped to the surface of the scalp
Alpha Waves
Regular, 8 to 12 per second, high amplitude EEG waves that typically occur during relaxed wakefulness and just before falling asleep
Event-related Potentials (ERPs)
The EEG waves that regularly accompany certain psychological events
Sensory Evoked Potential
A change in the electrical activity of the brain (e.g. in the cortical EEG) that is elicited by the momentary presentation of a sensory stimulus
Signal Averaging
A method of increasing the signal to noise ratio by reducing background noise
Far-field Potentials
EEG signals recorded in attenuated form at the scalp because they originate far away - for example, in the brain stem
Electromyography
A procedure for measuring muscle tension by recording the gross electrical discharges of muscles
Contrast X-ray Techniques
X-ray techniques that involve the injection into one compartment of the body a substance that absorbs X-rays either less than or more than the surrounding tissue
Cerebral Angiography
A contrast X-ray technique for visualizing the cerebral circulatory system by infusing a radio translucent dye into a cerebral artery
Computed Tomography (CT)
A computer assisted X-ray procedure that can be used to visualize the brain and other internal structures of the living body
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
A procedure in which high resolution images of the structures of the living brains are constructed from the measurement of waves that hydrogen atoms emit when they are activated by radio frequency waves in a magnetic field
Spatial Resolution
Ability of a recording technique to detect differences in spatial location (e.g. to pinpoint a location in the brain)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
A technique for visualizing brain activity, usually by measuring the accumulation of radioactive 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) or radioactive water in the various areas of the brain
2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG)
A substance similar to glucose that is taken up by active neurons in the brain and accumulates in them because, unlike glucose, it cannot be metabolized
Functional MRI (fMRI)
A magneti resonance imaging technique for inferring brain activity by measuring increased oxygen flow into particular areas
Bold Signal
A blood oxygen level dependent signal, which is recorded by fMRI and is related to the level of neural firing
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
A technique for recording changed produced in magnetic fields on the surface of the scalp by changes in underlying patterns of neural activity