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152 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Central Nervous System (CNS)
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divison of the nervous system located withing the skull and spine
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Divison of the nervous system that is located outside of the skull and spine
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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
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the part of the PNS that interacts with the external enviroment
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SNS Afferent Nerves
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carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, wars, eyes, and so on to the Central Nervous System
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SNS Efferent Nerves
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carry motor signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body's internal enviroment
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ANS Afferent Nerves
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carry sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS
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ANS Efferent Nerves
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carry motor signals from the CNS to internal organs
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What are the 2 kinds of ANS Efferent Nerves
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Sympathetic Nerves: autonomic nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar (small of the back) and thoratic(chest area) regions of the spinal cord.
Parasympathetic Nerves: autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain and sacral (lower back) region of the spinal cord |
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Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nerves are 2-staged neural paths. Explain...
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the neurons project from the CNS and go only part of the way to the target organs before they synapse on other neurons that carry the signal the rest of the way
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the three menings:
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3 membranes under the skull that protect the brain and spinal cord (CNS):
duramater: tough fine arachnoid membrane: spider web like membrane Subarachnoid space: cpmtaoms many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid pia mater: delicate, adheres to the surface of the CNS |
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF):
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fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal of the spinal cord, and the cerebral centricles of the brain
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Central Canal:
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small central channel that runs the length of the spinal cord
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Cerebral Ventricles:
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the 4 large internal chambers of the brain:
-the 2 lateral ventricles -the third ventricle -the 4th ventricle (see figure 3.3, pg 53) |
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Choroid Plexuses
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networks of capillaries (small blood vessels) that protrude into ventricles from the piamater
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Blood-Brain Barrier:
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mechanism that impedes the passage of many toxic substances from the blood into the brain
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Neurons
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cells that are specialized for reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals
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Multipolar Neuron
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a nueron with more than 2 processes extending from its cell body. most neurons are multipolar
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Unipolar Neuron
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a neuron with one process extending from its cell body
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Bipolar Neuron
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a neuron with 2 processes extending from its cell body
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Cell Membrane
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the semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron
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Dendrites
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The short processes emanating from the cell body
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Axon Hillock
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the cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body
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Axon
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the long, narrow process that projects from the cell body
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Myelin
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the fatty insulation around many axons
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Cell Body
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the metabolic center of the neuron, also called the soma
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Nodes of Ranvier
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the gaps between sections of myelin
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Buttons
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the buttonlike endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses
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Synapses
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the gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted
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Endoplasmic reticulum (pg 56)
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a system of folded membranes in the cell body; rough portions (those with ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of proteing; smooth portions (those without ribosomes) play a role in the synthesis of fats
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Cytoplasm (56)
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the clear internal fluid of the cell
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Ribosomes (56)
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internal cellular structures on which proteins are synthesized; they are located on the endoplasmic reticulum
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Golgi Complex (56)
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A connected system of membranes that packages molecules in vesicles
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Nucleus (56)
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The spherical DNA-containing stucture of the cell body
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Mitochondria (56)
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sites of aerobic (oxygen-consuming) energy release
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Microtubules (56)
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Tubules responsible for the rapid transport of material through neurons
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Synaptic Vesicles (56)
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Spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses
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Neurotransmitters (56)
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molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells
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In the CNS, clusters of cell bodies are called _____
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nuclei
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In the PNS, clusters of cell bodies are called ________
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ganglia
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Oligodendrocytes and their basic facts
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glial cells with extensions that wrap around the axons of neurons of the CNS
these extensions are rich in MYELIN, a fatty substance, and the MYELIN SHEATHS that they form increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction -A similar function is performed in the PNS by SCHWANN CELLS, a second class of glial cells |
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Glial Cells
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The Forgotten Cells
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Oligodendrocytes
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glial cells with extensions rich in myelin creating myelin sheaths around the axons in the CNS
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Schwann Cells
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similar to function of oligodendrocytes(extensions rich in myelin creating myelin sheaths around the axons) but in the PNS, can guide axonal regeneration
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Microglia
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smaller than other glia. respond to injury or disease by multiplying, engulfing cellular debris, and triggering inflammatory responses
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Astrocytes
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largest, star shaped glia cells. blood-brain barrier
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Gogli Stain
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a neural stain that completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue, thereby revealing their sillouetes
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Nissl Stain
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A neural stain that has an affinity for structures in neuron cell bodies
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Electron Microscopy
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A neuroanatomical technique used to study the fine details of cellular structure
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Anterior
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toward the nose end
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Posterior
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toward the tail end
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Dorsal
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toward the surface of the back or the top of the head (the dorsal surface)
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ventral
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towarf the surface of the chest or the bottom of the head (the ventral surface)
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medial
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toward the midline of the body
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lateral
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away from the midlline toward the body's lateral surfaces
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superior, inferior
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refers to the top and bottom of the primate head
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"proximal" and "distal" according to the CNS
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proximal= closer to the cns
distal=farther from the CNS |
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Gray Matter
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composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons
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White Matter
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composed largely of myelinated axons (it is the myelin that gives the white matter its glossy white sheen)
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Dorsal Horns
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the two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter
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Ventral Horns
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the two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter
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Dorsal Root Gabglia
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structures just outside the spinal cord that are composed of the cell bodies of dorsal root axons
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What serves as a shock absorber for the brain?
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cerebrospinal fluid
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which is responsible for providing motor efferent messages to the face from the brain?
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cranial nerves
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Which of the following are NOT considered a part of the cerebral cortex?
-partiel lobe -sensory lobe -temporal lobe -occipital lobe |
-sensory lobe
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What are the functions of glial cells?
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-provide nutritive support to neurons
-clean up neuronal debris produce myelin |
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the fore brain develops into ________
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telencephalon, then cerebral cortex and limbic system
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the nucleus is important because it _______
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contains genes that ultimitately become expressed as proteins
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the _____________ surrounds the fourth ventricle
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hindbrain
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the substantia nigra is located in which brain dividion
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mesencephalon
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a______________hyperpolares a neuron's membrane, and a ___________depolarizes a neurons membrane
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-inhipitory PSP, excitatory PSP
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all ESPs and IPSPs recieved by a single neuron are integrated at the__________
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axon hillock
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the MEDIAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS
and LATERAL GENTRICULATE NECLEUS are found in the ___________, which is responsible for _____________ |
thalamus, routing incoming informatino to the proper area of the cortex
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Interneurons in the spinal cord do what?
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convey messages between sensory and motor neurons
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the somatic nervous system is a part of the peripheral nervous system, which function best describes the somatic nervous system?
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conveys messages about motor output and sensory input between the periphery and CNS
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neurons recieve their required nutrition from____
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astrocytes, which convey nutrients from the blood stream
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which plane divides the brain into left and right halves?
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sagittal
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the cell bodies of the sensory afferents of spinal nerves are found in:
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the dorsal root ganglion
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what is founf at the presynaptic membrane of a typical neuron?
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-autoreceptors
-transport molecules -vesicles -neuro transmitters |
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microtubules are responsible for:
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transport of substnaces up and down the axon
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the telencephalon is comprised of
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-the cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia
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the white matter of the spinal cord consists of:
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-myelinated axons
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what is the thinnest of the three protective meninges and found closest to the cortex?
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pia mater
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sensory perception is coordinated between cerebral hemispheres by the:
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corpus callosum
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the hindbrain contains what divisions?
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metencephalon and myelencephalon
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stem cells have the potential to____
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develop into many types of cells
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apoptosis is an important part of neural development because
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it allows for un-used connections to be eliminated
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special compatments generate what?
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energy required by the cell
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amino acids are combined to form___
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proteings by mYNA and ribosomes
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diencephalis system provides __________
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communication to the body via hormones
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basal ganglia is incolved in the control of what?
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movement
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during the cell differentiation phase of brain development cells become______________
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specialized into different types of neuron and glial cells
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what is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
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part of the autonanic nervous system, its in charge of "rest and digest". Its the division that attempts to return the body to homostasis
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what are the functions of the somatic nervous system?
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-transmitting sensory information to the CNS
-controls the movement of skeletal muscles |
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in which cerebral cortical lobe is the primary visual cortex?
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occipital lobe
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sensory information enters the spinal cord on the_____ side
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dorsal
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what is the forebrain structure/nucleus that directly controls the production of hormones from the pituitary gland
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hypothalamus
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name one anatomical difference between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system:
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sympathetic- increase heartrate (automatic reaction to stimuli)
parasympathetic-decrease that heart rate (return to normal) |
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the "central sulcus" divides which two cortical lobes?
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frontal and parietal
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what is the difference between a spinal nerve and a cranial nerve?
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spinal nerves are not located next to the brain like cranial nerves. cranial (and face) nerves are also very short. mainly, the location of them is different
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in the development of the cerebral cortex, what does the "founder cell" do:
-in the symmetrical phase? - in the asymmetrical phase? |
symmetrical phase: the founder cells divide
-asymmetrical phase: the founder cells moves up the scaffolding creating layers superior to the ventricular zone |
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what is the role of the "radial glial" cell in the development of the cerebral cortex?
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they play a big part in the asymmetrical phase, allowing the "climbing over" of other cells to form the complete cortex
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what is the function of the cerebellum?
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in charge of motor coordination
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in which dicision of the brain does the substantia nigra belong?
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mes-encephalon
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what are the components of the CNS
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brain and spinal cord
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what are the two "-encephalons" (i.e. subdivisions) in the hindbrain
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-metencephalon, myelencephalon
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concerning the ventricular system (i.e the hollowness of the CNS) cerebral spinal fluid flowing from the 3rd ventricle goes to what next section?
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cerebral aqueduct (pathway) to the 4th ventricle
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what is the choroid plexus:
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a structure in the ventricles (all) that produces cerebrospinal fluid
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which brain division has relatively more sophisticated processing?
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di-encephalon
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other than the cerebellum, name one other section in the "hindbrain"
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-pons
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which ventricle is found in the midbrain?
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4th ventricle
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an afferent nerve sends signals to the _________
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CNS
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T or F:
the sympathetic nervous system acts to relax and conserve the body's enery? |
false
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a cluster of neural cell bodies in the CNS is called a___
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nucleus
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true or false:
a neuron has either a presynaptic region or a postsynaptic region, but not both |
false
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true or false:
one mechanism for the reuptake of neurotransmitters (e.g. dopamine) involved transporter proteins |
true
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atropine is an agoinst for acetylcholine because it blocks________
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A Ch receptors
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acoording to descartes the mind exerts its influence on the body through___________
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the pineal gland
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what term is used to refer to structures that are found on opposite sides of the body?
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-contralateral
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characteristics of autoreceptors:
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-found on presynaptic cell
-influence presynaptic release of neurotransmitter |
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what part of a neuron is sometimes myelinated?
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axon
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what structures comprise the midbrain?
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-tectrum and tegmentum
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the parasympathetic division of the ANS ia involved in ______
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activities that increase levels of stored energy within the body
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what provides some form of protection for the neurons of the central nervous system?
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-glial cells
-blood-brain barrier -skull -meninges |
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a ______ is a large groove in the surface of the human cortex
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fissure
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the gray matter of cerebral cortex has a grayish-brown appearance because:
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of the large number of neuron cell bodies
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damage to portions of the limbic lobe would be expected to affect______
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emotion
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what compose the basal ganglia?
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-putamen
-caudate nucleus -globus pallidus |
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diencephalic system provides________
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communication to the body via hormones
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limbic system is incolved in _________
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memory and emotional control
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the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a neuron is called the neuron's:
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membrane potential
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the initial, depolarizing phase of an action potential is due to the___________
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opening of voltage-activated sodium channels
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what determines the speed of an action potential?
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-axon diameter
-myelination |
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when a neuron is at rest, there are more____________
Na+ ions where? K+ ions where? |
Na+ ions outside the neuron than inside the neuron
K+ ions inside the neuron than outside |
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Ca is a positively-charged ion found in higher concentrations outside of the neuron. for a neuron at rest, the electrostatic force will tend to push Ca _________________ and the diffusion force will tend to push Ca ___________
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inward, inward
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opening a Cl ion channel will _________ the cell
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hyperpolarize
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an action potential occurs once....
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the membrane poential has been depolarized to its threshold, causing a rapid electrical signal to move down the axon
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synaptic transmission is terminated by:
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-neurotransmitter reuptake
-enzymatic deactivation (degradation) |
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neurotransmitters depolarize or hyperpolarize the neuron by:
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binding to receptors which open ion channels
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the RESTING membrane potential of a neuron is maintained despite_____
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the movement of K+ ions across the membrane
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tthe process of __________ helps the action potential to move quickly down the axon, and is maintained by depolarization at the______
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saltatory conduction,
nodes of Ranvier |
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if the membrane potential of a neuron reaches its threshold of excitation, the very first thing that happens is:
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voltage-gated Na+ ion channels open
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microtubules are reponsible for_________
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transport of substances up and down the axon
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Hindbrain Basic Facts:
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-most primitive brain structure
-surrounds the 4th ventricle -consists of the metencephalon and the myelencephalon |
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Cerebellum, location and basic facts:
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hindbrain
-integrates sensory and motor information to coordinate movement -is aware if you stumble and trip and can help you catch your fall |
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Pons basic information:
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projects information from cortex to cerebellum
-role in sleep an arousal: REM sleep |
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medulla oblongata basics:
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-cardiovascular and resperatory functions, muscle tone and arousal
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what spinal cord grey matter consists of:
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-cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
-dorsal horns -central horns |
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spinal cord white matter consists of:
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myelinated axons
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dorsal root basics:
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-carries the sensory axon
-cell body in the dorsal root ganglion axon enters the spinal cord and either: 1. continues in the brain 2. collapses in the dorsal horn |
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ventral root basics:
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carries the motor axon
-cell body in the ventral horn of the spinal cord -axon carries motor information out to the periphery |
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cranial nerves basics:
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-12 pairs of cranial nerves attach to the ventral surface of the brain
-some sensory -some motor -some fixed -sensory and motor functions of the face, neck, head, and throat |