Biophysics General

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Physics

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It is a natural science that involves the study of matter and it's movement through space time as well as all the concepts which apply to it including energy and force.

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Biophysics

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Is an interdisciplinary science which applies the methods of physics and physical chemistry to study biological systems.

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Scientific Method

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Tests the validity of a physical theory. It uses the methodical approach to compare the implications of the theory with conclusions drawn from experiments and observations carried out to test the theory.

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Lumen

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SI unit of luminous flux. Measures the poewer of light perceived by the human eye

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Radiant Flux

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Measure of the total light emitted.

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Lux

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Si unit of illumination. The amount of illumination when 1 lumen is evenly distributed over an area of one meter square.

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Measurement Theory

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The process of assigning numerical value to objects and phenomena. It apprehends the kinds of things that can be measured and how the measurements relate to one and other. It also apprehends the process of error in the measurement process.

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Mean

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A quantity which has a value intermediate to the extreme members of a set.

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Arithmetic Mean

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Point around which numbers balance.

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Geometric Mean

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Indicates the central tendency or typical value of a set of numbers.

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Harmonic Mean

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When average of rates and ratios is required.

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Error

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The difference between the true value and an average, estimation or approximation.

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Standard Deviation

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The measure of the variability of a set of numbers around their arithmetic mean.

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Standard Deviation of Error

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The measure of the standard deviation of the error of a set.

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Homeostasis

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Stability of a self-regulating process by which biological systems tend to adjust to internal and environmental conditions.

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Range

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The difference between the largest and smallest members of a set.

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Brownian Motion

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A dissolved molecule or small particle suspended in a fluid is constantly struck at random by molecules of the fluid in its neighbourhood which results in it wandering erratically.

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Fick's Law

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The random wandering causes an average drift of particles from a region where they are denser to a region where they are rarer. The mean drift rate is proportional to the density gradient.

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Freshwater Teleost

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Skin = Water in, ions out

Gills = Water in, ions in and out

Urine = Dilute

Mouth = Food

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Marine Teleost

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Skin = Water out, ions in

Gills = Water out, ions in and out

Urine = concentrated

Mouth = Food, water, ions

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Dialysis

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The separation of suspended colloidal particles from dissolved ions and molecules by their unequal rates of diffusion through a semipermiable membrane.

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Voltage-Dependent Uniport

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Regulated by the difference in voltage across the membrane. DPG

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Stress-Dependent Uniport

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Regulated by physical pressure on the transporter. DPG

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Ligand-Dependent Uniport

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Regulated by the binding of a ligand. DPG

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Symport

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Ion and molecule bind to the same side of the transporter before the conformational change and are then transported together across the membrane. Sugar with sodium. DPG

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Antiport

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Ion and molecule bind to opposite sides of the transporter and then there is conformational change. One is absorbed while the other is secreted. DPG.

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Primary Active Transport

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Makes use of the energy from high energy phosphate bonds. ATP.

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Secondary Active Transport

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Makes use of the electrochemical gradient.

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Dynamic Proteins

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Have alterable structure - Enzymes

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Structural Proteins

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Remain the same shape - actin filaments.

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Electricity

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Phenomena associated with the presence or flow of electrical charges.

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Stationary Charge

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Build up of charge on the surface of an object.

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Moving Charge

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Flow of electric charge along an electric conductor.

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Coulomb's Law

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Magnitude of electrostatic force between two electric charges.

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Capacitor

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Device for storing electrical energy. Consists of two conductors in close proximity but isolated from each other.

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Neuron

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Electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signalling.

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Electro-Mechanical Coupling

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Transfer of the electrical signal into the mechanical framework.

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Electromyogram

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Measurement of the electrical output of working skeletal muscle.

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Electrocardiogram

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Transthoracic interpretation of the electrical activity of the heart over time acquired by the attachment of electrodes to the skin.

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Bioelectricity

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Electrical, magnetic, or electromagnetic forces produced by living cells, tissues or organisms.

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Ampullae of Lorenzini

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Specially modified muscle cells stacked in functional groups and arranged in parallel or serial circuits.

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Electroencephalogram

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Record of the electrical activity of the brain.