Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the purpose of mRNA? |
tocarry DNA gene information out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasmor the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
|
|
|
How is mRNA decoded? |
Threebases at a time.
|
|
|
What are each three base sequence called ona mRNA? |
A Codon
|
|
|
Howmany amino acids are there?
|
20 |
|
|
What do codons code for?
|
amino acids |
|
|
How is the mRNA codon and the original DNA strand related? |
They are complimentary to each other |
|
|
Which RNA is the decoder? |
tRNA |
|
|
What are the bases called on the tRNA? |
Anticodons |
|
|
Compare mRNA and tRNA
|
mRNA:codes and uses codons, tRNA: decodesmRNA and uses anticodons
|
|
|
What is each tRNA attached to?
|
a specific amino acid |
|
|
what is the purpose of tRNA?
|
to bring the correct amino acid during elongation |
|
|
what is rRNA?
|
ribosomal RNA, a component of a catalytically active ribosome enzyme |
|
|
where is rRNA synthesized? |
Nucleolus |
|
|
Where does transcription take place?
|
in nucleus |
|
|
where does translation take place?
|
out in the cytoplasm |
|
|
how many bases make up a codon? |
3
|
|
|
how many codons make up the genetic code? |
64 |
|
|
how many codons are start/stop codons?
|
4 |
|
|
T/F amino acids have more than one codon?
|
True |
|
|
what is the start codon in base form and amino acid form? |
AUG, methionine (MET) |
|
|
What are the stop codons?
|
UAG, UGA, UAA |
|
|
what are the properties of the genetic code?
|
Composed of nucleotide triplets,nonoverlapping, degenerate (can have any combination), ordered, contains 1start codon (AUG), 3 stop codons (UAG, UGA, and UAA), and has 60 coding aminoacids, and it is nearly universal (besides mitochondria and some protozoa) |
|
|
What position is the wobble base position in TAG and what does it mean?
|
G, it means that G may be replaced with other nucleotides and it will still code for the same amino acid |
|
|
what ate the macromolecules of translation?
|
Polypeptides and RNA molecules of theribosome, amino-acid activating enzymes, tRNA molecules, soluble proteinsinvolved in polypeptide chain initiation, elongation, and termination. |
|
|
tRNA __________ the genetic code.
|
Translates |
|
|
rRNAs are _____________ building blocks |
ribosome |
|
|
which RNA is an adapter between amino acids and codons? |
tRNA |
|
|
What three specifics must be accomplishedby the tRNA molecule? |
Must have correct anticodon sequence, mustbe recognized by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, and must bind to the appropriatesites on the ribosomes. |
|
|
How many ribosomal subunits are involved in translation?
|
2 |
|
|
what are the ribosomal subunits built from?
|
rRNA and proteins OR ribonuclear proteins |
|
|
Which RNA encodes information to make protein?
|
mRNA
|
|
|
what is a polypeptide? |
a long chain of amino acids |
|
|
what three groups do amino acids have?
|
a free amino group, a free carboxyl group, and a side (R) group |
|
|
what are proteins made from?
|
polypeptides |
|
|
what composes proteins? |
20 different kinds of amino acids |
|
|
which bonds join amino acids during the elongation process of translation? |
peptide bonds |
|
|
what are the three steps in translation? |
Initiation, elongation, and termination |
|
|
what occurs in initiation? |
Initiator tRNA with AUG attached binds tomRNA codon, AUG binds with small ribosomal subunit, large ribosomal subunitbinds to form the initiation complex. |
|
|
what occurs in elongation?
|
peptide bonds form between amino acids |
|
|
what occurs in termination?
|
stop codon is reached and initiation complex disassembles |
|
|
what is a polysome? |
a cluster of ribosomes all translating the rame mRNA at the same time. |
|
|
where do polypeptide (protein) chains go after translation? |
in the cytoplasm or sent to the ER to go out of the cell |
|
|
what molecules help repair DNA?
|
DNA polymerases and other enzymes |
|
|
what DNA damage can be done due to UV light?
|
thymine dimers |
|
|
what do thymine dimers cause? |
deletion |
|
|
what is a genetic disorder in which radiation damage cannon be fixed? |
Xeroderma Pigmentosum |
|
|
what is a mutation? |
a change in the nucleotide sequence |
|
|
what are the four common kinds of mutation?
|
deletion, expansion, base-pair substitution, and transposable elements |
|
|
what is a base-pair substitution?
|
an incorrect nucleotide is paired with an exposed base during DNA replication |
|
|
what is a disease caused from base-pair substitution?
|
Sickle-cell anemia |
|
|
what is deletion and why is it severe?
|
a base is lose, it changes the whole reading frame |
|
|
what is an expansion mutation? |
nucleotide sequence repeated multiple times |
|
|
what are two examples of expansion mutation?
|
Huntington's disease and Fragile X
|
|
|
what is a transposable element?
|
Bits of DNA can move from one location toanother in the same DNA molecule or in a different one. |
|
|
what is an example of a transposable element disease?
|
neurofibromatosis |
|
|
how may a deletion or expansion mutation not be as severe
|
if it occurs in a triplet |
|
|
what is a gross error?
|
Chromosomal disorders due to variations inchromosome number or structure. |
|
|
what is an example of a chromosomal disorder? |
down syndrom |
|
|
what is a karyotype? |
a visualization of chromosomes |
|
|
what kinds of errors can be made due to mutations? |
errors can occur in an entire chromosome, part of a chromosome, or a single gene |
|
|
the flor of information in the central dogma is...
|
DNA->RNA->Protein |
|
|
what do some viruses use to synthesize DNA from RNA?
|
reverse transcriptase |
|
|
T/F DNA is a single strand? |
|
|
|
Purines are composed of __________ andpyrimidine's are composed of ______________. |
two rings, three rings
|
|
|
T/F DNA is replicated 3'-5'
|
False |
|
|
What is a way of replicating and viewing DNA? |
centrifugation |
|
|
__ Hydrogen bonds are formed betweenA-T, and __ Hydrogen bonds are formed between G-C. |
2,3
|
|
|
information used for making proteins organized into regions along DNA molecules is called...
|
genes |
|
|
How many chromosomes do most people have?
|
64 |
|
|
this process produces exact copies of DNA that are passed on to two new daughter cells
|
replicatopm |
|
|
Which specific enzymes are involved inDNA replication and DNA transcription? |
DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase |
|
|
Transcription creates ___ from ____ inthe _______ of the cell. |
RNA, DNA, nucleus
|
|
|
what does pre-mRNA contain that mature mRNA does not?
|
introns |
|
|
what takes out the introns from the RNA sequence so that it may leave the nucleus? |
spliceosome |
|
|
These may be used to speed up or halt transcription.
|
Regulatory proteins and enhancers |
|
|
T/F Genetic code is disordered
|
True |
|
|
what is the third base in a codon called?
|
wobble base |
|
|
_RNAs are ribosomal building blocks,combine ribosomes during translation, and are built in the nucleus from RNA andprotein (ribonuclease). |
r
|
|
|
what types of bonds form between amino acids growing polypeptide chain during translation?
|
peptide |
|
|
T/F Amino acids are made of protease
|
False |
|
|
which enzyme is used for transcription? |
RNA polymerase |
|
|
What occurs during the initiation process of elongation?
|
The initiator tRNA with AUG attachedbind to mRNA codon AUG binds with the small ribosomalsubunit Large ribosomal subunit binds to formthe initiation complex |
|
|
what occurs during elongation of translation?
|
peptide bonds form between incoming amino acids |
|
|
what happens during termination of elongation? |
Polypeptide falls off Stop codon is reached The ribosomal subunits disassemble andfall off |
|
|
what is the term for an animal that has received a new, foreign gene?
|
transgenic |
|
|
A ___________ _______ represents therelationships among organisms based on similarities in DNA, not their origin. |
phylogenetic tree
|
|
|
_________ is a collection of all of thedifferent proteins in an organism |
proteome
|
|
|
what is the protein that chromatin wraps around?
|
histone |
|
|
_________ means that we have two sets of chromosomes |
diploid |
|
|
how many autosomes do we have? |
44 |
|
|
What four things do sells do throughout their life cycle?
|
grow, develop, maintain themselves, and reproduce |
|
|
paired corresponding chromosomes are known as.... |
homologous |
|
|
meiosis is the division of __________ cells. |
germ |
|
|
Mitosis takes cells from 2Nà_N, and meiosis takes cells from 2Nà _N
|
2,1
|
|
|
Cell growth occurs in __ and preparationfor mitosis occurs in __. |
G1, G2 |
|
|
when does DNA replication occur during interphase?
|
S phase
|
|
|
define centriole
|
location of microtubule production |
|
|
define centromere
|
location where microtubules attach to the chromosome |
|
|
define chromosome
|
the form of DNA that is only visible during mitosis |
|
|
define chromatin
|
wrapped around histones- what DNA is usually in |
|
|
define centrosome
|
total motor at the poles of the cell that shorten microtubules |
|
|
define chromatid
|
the two segments that are separated during anaphase |
|
|
What are the six C's?
|
Centriole Centromere Chromosome Chromatin Centrosome Chromatid |
|
|
how many centrosomes and centrioles are present in each cell?
|
2,4 |
|
|
T/F Interphase is a phase of mitosis
|
False |
|
|
What phase involves the chromosome lining up at the equator of the cell?
|
metaphase |
|
|
which phase involves the chromosomes decondensing in to chromatin and the nuclear envelope reforming?
|
telophase |
|
|
what process if defined by the splitting of the cytoplasm?
|
cytokinesis |
|
|
A ________ ________ forms and _____ pulls theplasma membrane in around the cell during cytokinesis.
|
cleavage furrow, actin
|
|
|
what is a fertilized egg called?
|
zygote |
|
|
what type of division is meiosis?
|
reductional |
|
|
_______ is when sister chromatids move toopposite poles
|
nondisjunction
|
|
|
_________ cells provide nourishment for sperm,while ________ cells produce testosterone
|
sertoli, lydig
|
|
|
during oogenesis, how many viable egg cells and polar bodies are created?
|
1,3 OR 1,2 |
|
|
List the order of maturation for a sperm: __________ spermatocyte, secondaryspermatocyte, __________, sperm
|
primary, spermatid
|
|
|
The _______ is a person’s geneticinformation, and a person’s __________ is based on their physical appearance |
genotype, phenotype |
|
|
How many hydrogen bonds occur for each type ofbase pairing?
|
Adenine-2 Thymine-2 Cytosine-3 Guanine-3 |
|
|
how does DNA replicate?
|
semi-consevative |
