Biomechanics Test 1

Front 1

Flexion and extension moves around the ______ axis within the _______plane.
x, sagittal
y, coronal
x, coronal
y, sagittal

Back 1

x, sagittal

Front 2

lateral bending moves around what axis and what plane?

Back 2

z axis, coronal plane

Front 3

rotation moves around what axis within what plane?

Back 3

y-axis, transverse plane

Front 4

straight lines movements are considered what kind of joint motion?

Back 4

translation movements

Front 5

what is translation that occurs between joint surfaces?

Back 5

glide or slide

Front 6

Anterior and posterior glide in the sagittal plane is what?

Back 6

anterio- / posterolisthesis

Front 7

lateral and medial glide in the coronal plane is what?

Back 7

laterolisthesis

Front 8

distraction and compression glide in what plane along what axis?

Back 8

transverse plane on y-axis

Front 9

the combination of rotational and translational movement that most commonly occurs within joints is what?

Back 9

curvilinear motion

Front 10

neutral joint play could also be defined as?

Back 10

crimp

Front 11

active range of motion (AROM) is under the control of what?

Back 11

musculature. This is what PT does.

Front 12

assessed by doctor past active and into elastic range. What type of motion is this?

Back 12

PROM - passive range of motion

Front 13

The end of the elastic range of resistance is called:

Back 13

Elastic Barrier of resistance (the crimp has been taken out

Front 14

neutral joint play assumes there is a certain amount of this, naturally

Back 14

crimp

Front 15

where does the "crack" occur?

Back 15

Paraphysiological space

Front 16

The pathologic zone with damage to components of physiologic joint is the limit of...???

Back 16

anatomic integrity

Front 17

This joint motion describes rotational movement around an axis. This pure movement is possible only in the hip, shoulder and proximal radius.

Back 17

spin

Front 18

when movement in a joint is not pure spin but a combination of roll and slide, it is called..?

Back 18

swing

Front 19

When rotation occurs because points on the surface of one bone contact points at the same interval of the other bone, this is called...?

Back 19

Roll

Front 20

when only one point on the moving surface contacts various points on the opposing joint surface, this type of joint motion occurs...

Back 20

slide ( translational)....Roll and slide occur simultaneously in most joints of the body

Front 21

when a concave surface moves on a convex surface ,roll and slide movements should occur in the (same/opposite) direction?

Back 21

same

Front 22

when a convex surface moves on a concave surface, roll and slide movements occur in (same/opposite) direction

Back 22

opposite

Front 23

pathology: pure _______tends to result in joint dislocation

Back 23

roll

Front 24

pathology: pure _____ tends to result in impingement

Back 24

slide

Front 25

What do our joints to to reduce wear on joint surfaces?

Back 25

coupling (roll and slide)

Front 26

the axis of a joint moves about as a joint changes from one instant to another

Back 26

IAR ( Instantaneous Axis of Rotation)
occurs about two dimensions,
joint dysfunction alters IAR

Front 27

what does the anatomical joint consist of?

Back 27

articular surface, surrounding joint capsule, ligaments and any extraneous articular structures

Front 28

what does a physiological joint consist of?

Back 28

anatomic joint plus the surrounding soft tissues, including the muscles, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels

Front 29

what 3 components of physiological joints are essential for understanding functionality?

Back 29

anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology

Front 30

the principle source of passive resistance at the normal extremes of joint motion include collagenous structures. what are these collagenous structures?

Back 30

ligaments, joint capsules, tendons, and muscles

Front 31

Collagenous structures posses two stretch qualities that are viscoelastic. what two qualities are these?

Back 31

elastic stretch and plastic (viscous) stretch

Front 32

the recoverable elongation of collagen that exhibits a spring-like behavior with elongation that is recoverable when the load is removed is what type of stretch?

Back 32

elastic stretch

Front 33

the non-recoverable stretch that exhibits linear deformation that remains after load is removed and permits time-dependent or permanent deformation is what type of stretch?

Back 33

plastic

Front 34

(elastic/plastic) represents the Toe phase of stress/strain curve

Back 34

elastic stretch(recoverable)

Front 35

(elastic/plastic) stretch represents the linear phase of the stress strain curve is?

Back 35

plastic stretch(nonrecoverable)

Front 36

HVLA should promote ______ deformation of the joint capsule and periarticular soft tissues.

Back 36

elastic

Front 37

T/F permanent plastic deformation weakens connective tissue?

Back 37

True
high force stretching produces more structural weakening than a slower, lower force method

Front 38

T/F the greatest impact of plastic deformation will occur when positions of the stretch are maintained for long periods

Back 38

true

Front 39

(acute/chronic) trauma is the result of high-force, short duration exceeding the elastic range of CT

Back 39

acute

Front 40

scar tissue and adhesions are common types of ____________ scar tissue

Back 40

pathological

Front 41

Collagenous structures posses two stretch qualities that are viscoelastic. what two qualities are these?

Back 41

elastic stretch and plastic (viscous) stretch

Front 42

the recoverable elongation of collagen that exhibits a spring-like behavior with elongation that is recoverable when the load is removed is what type of stretch?

Back 42

elastic stetch

Front 43

the non-recoverable stretch that exhibits linear deformation that remains after load is removed and permits time-dependent or permanent deformation is what type of stretch?

Back 43

plastic

Front 44

(elastic/plastic) represents the Toe phase of stress/strain curve

Back 44

elastic stretch(recoverable)

Front 45

(elastic/plastic) stretch represents the linear phase of the stress strain curve is?

Back 45

plastic stretch(nonrecoverable)

Front 46

HVLA should promote ______ deformation of the joint capsule and periarticular soft tissues.

Back 46

elastic

Front 47

T/F permanent plastic deformation weakens connective tissue?

Back 47

True
high force stretching produces more structural weakening than a slower, lower force method

Front 48

T/F the greatest impact of plastic deformation will occur when positions of the stretch are maintained for long periods

Back 48

true

Front 49

(acute/chronic) trauma is the result of high-force, short duration exceeding the elastic range of CT

Back 49

acute

Front 50

scar tissue and adhesions are common types of ____________ scar tissue

Back 50

pathological

Front 51

what provides supportive structure and leaver arm for muscles to act on??

Back 51

bone

Front 52

What should you look at on radiographs??

Back 52

Alignment
Bone
Cortex
Density of cortex

Front 53

what can withstand high levels of weight bearing or muscle tension in the longitudinal direction?

Back 53

bone

Front 54

what type of bone corresponds to mechanical stresses experienced and serves to absorb and dissipate forces to the cortical bone?

Back 54

inner cancellous bone

Front 55

Name the types of bone:

Back 55

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid

Front 56

clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibular, metatarsals, metacarpals, and phalanges are all examples of what type of bone?

Back 56

long bone

Front 57

carpals of hand and tarsals of foot that act as shock absorbers for transmission of forces are what type of bone?

Back 57

short

Front 58

T/F long bones act as levers

Back 58

True

Front 59

ribs, ilium, sternum, scapula, these bones protect internal structures and offer broad muscular attachments:

Back 59

flat bone

Front 60

skull, pelvis, vertebrae, These bones have specialized shape for specialized functions.

Back 60

Irregular

Front 61

patella, pisiform, base of first metatarsal of the foot, flexor hallucis brevis, and flexor pollicus brevis of the thumb. These alter the angle of insertion of the muscle to give it greater leverage or power.

Back 61

sesamoid bones

Front 62

T/F Bone is viscoelastic

Back 62

T. Responds to loads dependent on rate and duration that load is applied.

Front 63

T/F bone loaded quickly fractures at a load that is approximately 1/2 of the load handled by bone at a fast rate of loading

Back 63

False. Bone loaded slowly....

Front 64

T/F Bone failure can occur due to a singular traumatic event or the accumulation of microfractures

Back 64

True

Front 65

the behavior of bone varies with the direction of load application. This is called what type of characteristic?

Back 65

anistropic

Front 66

T/F short bones are better designed to load longitudinally and least to load across its surface

Back 66

false. long bones take compressive forces and don't do well with shear forces

Front 67

this is determined by the slops of the stress-strain curve and represents bone's resistance to load as it deforms...

Back 67

stiffness

Front 68

T/F bone is considered rigid and strong as it fails to deform in the plastic phase of the stress strain curve.

Back 68

False bone is considered flexible and weak in the plastic phase

Front 69

bone is highly adaptive to mechanical demands. If you increase demand you increase........

Back 69

bone mass

Front 70

highly adaptive bone will, once demand is _______., _______bone mass

Back 70

decrease, decrease

Front 71

patella, pisiform, base of first metatarsal of the foot, flexor hallucis brevis, and flexor pollicus brevis of the thumb. These alter the angle of insertion of the muscle to give it greater leverage or power.

Back 71

sesamoid bones

Front 72

T/F Bone is viscoelastic

Back 72

T. Responds to loads dependent on rate and duration that load is applied.

Front 73

T/F bone loaded quickly fractures at a load that is approximately 1/2 of the load handled by bone at a fast rate of loading

Back 73

False. Bone loaded slowly....

Front 74

T/F Bone failure can occur due to a singular traumatic event or the accumulation of microfractures

Back 74

True

Front 75

the behavior of bone varies with the direction of load application. This is called what type of characteristic?

Back 75

anistropic

Front 76

T/F short bones are better designed to load longitudinally and least to load across its surface

Back 76

false. long bones take compressive forces and don't do well with shear forces

Front 77

this is determined by the slope of the stress-strain curve and represents a bone's resistance to load as it deforms...

Back 77

stiffness

Front 78

T/F bone is considered rigid and strong as it fails to deform in the plastic phase of the stress strain curve.

Back 78

False bone is considered flexible and weak in the plastic phase

Front 79

bone is highly adaptive to mechanical demands. If you increase demand you increase........

Back 79

bone mass

Front 80

highly adaptive bone will, once demand is _______., _______bone mass

Back 80

decrease, decrease

Front 81

T/F bone requires weekly mechanical stimulus to maintain health

Back 81

false. Daily stimulus required

Front 82

when bone loss occurs because of decrease in activities, what may occur to bone?

Back 82

loss of rigidity, increased bending displacement, decrease in bone length and cortical cross section and slowing of bone formation

Front 83

T/F injury to bone can be produced to a single high-force or by repeated application of a low-magnitude force over time

Back 83

True

Front 84

bone is exposed to what 5 forces

Back 84

compression
tension
shear
bending
torsion

Front 85

what type of force presses the ends of the bone together for maximum stress perpendicular to the plane of load

Back 85

compression forces

Front 86

this type of force is produces by muscles, weight bearing, gravity or some external loading along the length of the bone

Back 86

compression forces

Front 87

what type of force will pull or stretch a bone apart where maximum stress is at a plane perpendicular to the load applied

Back 87

tension force

Front 88

where do tension forces normally fail?

Back 88

at site of muscle insertion or ligament attachment. Causes avulsion fracture (osgood-schlatters)

Front 89

what type of force is applied parallel to the surface of the bone. where maximum stress is on the surface parallel to the plane of the applied force

Back 89

shear force

Front 90

what force is created when a bone is subjected to compressive or tension forces or both?

Back 90

shear forces

Front 91

these types of fractures due to what force are commonly found in the femoral condyles or tibial plateau or chance fractures in vertebrae

Back 91

shear forces

Front 92

what type of force occurs when applied force is directed to a bone that has having no direct support against it. usually from multiple forces active simultaneously on different points of the bone

Back 92

bending forces

Front 93

when one side of the bone undergoes tension while the ohter side undergoes compression, this is called...

Back 93

bending forces

Front 94

when one bone is exposed to a twisting force and maximum stress acts both perpendicular and parallel to the axis of bone..what type of force?

Back 94

torsion force

Front 95

spiral fractures are most common in the humerous and tibia/fibula...what type of force is this spiral ?

Back 95

torsion force

Front 96

T/F the rate of loading of bone is important because the tolerance of bone is rate sensitive

Back 96

True. if the bone cannot deform fast enough, injury occurs

Front 97

T/F muscles influence the loads that bone can manage by creating compressive or tensile forces

Back 97

true. muscular forces can reduce tensile forces or redistribute forces acting on bone.

Front 98

what occurs when rate of bone remodeling is less than rate of micro-trauma?

Back 98

stress fracture

Front 99

In the(upper/lower) extremities, stress fractures are usually the result of muscle fatigue

Back 99

lower. loss of shock absorption increases intensity of forces on bone

Front 100

in the (upper/Lower) extremity, stress fractures are usually the result of repetitive muscular forces acting on bone

Back 100

upper.

Front 101

these types of fractures due to what force are commonly found in the femoral condyles or tibial plateau or chance fractures in vertebrae

Back 101

shear forces

Front 102

what type of force occurs when applied force is directed to a bone that has having no direct support against it. usually from multiple forces active simultaneously on different points of the bone

Back 102

bending forces

Front 103

when one side of the bone undergoes tension while the other side undergoes compression, this is called...

Back 103

bending forces

Front 104

when one bone is exposed to a twisting force and maximum stress acts both perpendicular and parallel to the axis of bone..what type of force?

Back 104

torsion force

Front 105

spiral fractures are most common in the humerous and tibia/fibula...what type of force is this spiral ?

Back 105

torsion force

Front 106

T/F the rate of loading of bone is important because the tolerance of bone is rate sensitive

Back 106

True. if the bone cannot deform fast enough, injury occurs

Front 107

T/F muscles influence the loads that bone can manage by creating compressive or tensile forces

Back 107

true. muscular forces can reduce tensile forces or redistribute forces acting on bone.

Front 108

what occurs when rate of bone remodeling is less than rate of micro-trauma?

Back 108

stress fracture

Front 109

In the(upper/lower) extremities, stress fractures are usually the result of muscle fatigue

Back 109

lower. loss of shock absorption increases intensity of forces on bone

Front 110

in the (upper/Lower) extremity, stress fractures are usually the result of repetitive muscular forces acting on bone

Back 110

upper.

Front 111

when bone resorption exceeds bone deposition, this is called...

Back 111

osteoporosis

Front 112

hormonal factors, nutritional imbalances, lack of exercise, increased level of cortisone can all lead to ....

Back 112

osteoporosis

Front 113

bone deposition in soft tissue is called..

Back 113

myositis ossificans. bone is laid down in soft tissue exposed to repeated trauma or a hematoma.

Front 114

these connect bone to bone...

Back 114

ligaments. consists of collagen, elastin and reticulin fibers

Front 115

these stabilize, control and limit joint motion. any injury to these will influence joint motion

Back 115

ligaments. can be capsular, extra/intra-capsular

Front 116

the _______behavior of ligaments respond to loads by becoming stronger and stiffer over time.

Back 116

viscoelastic

Front 117

ligaments are best suited to bear what type of forces?

Back 117

tensile and shear forces. ligaments more likely to fail before bone when exposed to QUICK tensile forces

Front 118

T/F a ligaments strength diminishes rapidly with immobilization

Back 118

true

Front 119

a tensile injury is termed a......

Back 119

strain
1 - partial tear
2 - partial tear with some loss of joint stability
3 - complete tear with loss of joint stability (potential dislocation)

Front 120

this acts as an intermediary between hyaline cartilage and other CT

Back 120

fibrocartilage. it's found where both tensile strength and the ability to withstand high pressure are necessary.

Front 121

T/F the meniscus attenuates and dissipates forces as well as protects against sudden changes in directional movement while weight bearing

Back 121

true

Front 122

articular cartilage of a joint is important for the stability and function of a joint. This will distribute loads over the surface and (increase/reduce) contact stress to half

Back 122

reduce

Front 123

the coefficient of friction is.....

Back 123

hundred times less than that of ice for a healthy joint

Front 124

this type of cartilage is anistropic and well suited for shear forces

Back 124

articular cartilage

Front 125

T/F viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage allow it to deform instantly to a low or moderate load

Back 125

true

Front 126

the viscoelastic properties allow articular cartilage to become stiffer and deform more slowly to rapidly applied loads. T/F

Back 126

true

Front 127

this model for joint lubrication is consistent with quick joint motions that attract synovial fluid to the area contacted to create a film between moving parts. Does not address slow movements or movement under loads

Back 127

hydrodynamic model

Front 128

this model for joint lubrication takes into account the viscoelastic property of articular cartilage. Considers the compressibility of articular cartilage that increases surface area and reducing stress to compressing fluid. Does not answer question about lubrication at initiation of movements or periods of immobility.

Back 128

elastohydrodynamic model

Front 129

this model for joint lubrication considers how fluid is absorbed into this joint surface, how joint coasts on surface and is in conjunction with other models that meet the demands of the human synovial joint

Back 129

boundary lubrication model

Front 130

T/F injuries that occur during high loads or repetitive loading over an extended period of time contribute to degeneration

Back 130

true

Front 131

T/F articular degeneration results in decreased contact area and erosion that eventually exposes the subchondral bone

Back 131

true

Front 132

T/F during degeneration, subchondral bone is exposed to increased forces and undergoes degenerative changes or osteoarthritis

Back 132

true

Front 133

T/F osteoarthrosis has direct relationship to hyperlaxity in a joint, osteoporosis, and levels of physical exercise.

Back 133

False, osteoarthrosis has NO relationship to these things

Front 134

T/F osteoarthrosis is more common in a joint that has been injured or immobilized for a long period of time

Back 134

true

Front 135

a synovial joint has an outer layer and an inner layer. These are considered part of a joint's _________

Back 135

capsule

Front 136

the outer layers of a joint capsule consist of ??

Back 136

densely packed parallel collagen fibers. acts as a ligaments

Front 137

the inner layer of a joint capsule consists of...?

Back 137

irregular oriented elastic fibers. consists of synovial cavity and synovial fluid

Front 138

what are meniscoids?

Back 138

fibro adipose portion of a synovial joint that produces synovial fluid and decreases friction of joint surfaces

Front 139

What are the three signs of injury?

Back 139

inflammation
blood
infection

Front 140

Open pakced joints are what?

Back 140

maximum slack in joint capsule. This is what pts often present with. joint space is open about 15 degrees

Front 141

closed packed position?

Back 141

extension. joint is in maximum capsular tension. Pt will reflexively guard joint.

Front 142

how are synovial joints classified???

Back 142

articulating surfaces
degree of freedom
type of movement

Front 143

there are 7 types of synovial joints, can you name them??

Back 143

plane/gliding
hinge
pivot
condylar
ellipsoid
saddle
ball and socket

Front 144

the tarsals of the foot and carpals of the hand, as well as the z-joints of the spine are considered what type of joint?

Back 144

plane/gliding. consists of two flat surfaces that slide over each other

Front 145

the interphalangeal joints of the hand and food, ulnohumeral joint of the elbow are considered what type of joint?

Back 145

hinge. allows movement in one plane. uniaxial, flextion and extension

Front 146

superior and inferior radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial (odontoid)joint are examples of what type of joint?

Back 146

pivot. allows movement in one plane: uniaxial, rotation, pronation, supination

Front 147

tibiofemoral, TMJ are considered what type of joint?

Back 147

condylar. allows primary movement in one plane (flexion/extension) with small amounts of movement in another plane (rotation)

Front 148

radiocarpals or writs, metacarpophalangeal joints of hand are considered what type of joints?

Back 148

ellipsoid. allows movement in two planes. biaxial, flexion and extension, abduction and adduction

Front 149

the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is this type of joint

Back 149

saddle joint. this allows two planes of motion (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction) with a small amount of rotation

Front 150

femeroacetabular joint (hip) and glenuhumeral joint are considered this type of joint

Back 150

ball-and-socket. this allows for movement in all planes
flexion, extension, ab/adduction, rotation

Front 151

a position in which the joint capsule is most relaxed and "neutral" and exhibits the greatest amount of play is called???

Back 151

loose-packed. the position of joint distraction. when injured, a swelling joint will seek this position

Front 152

a position in which the joint capsule and ligaments are maximally tightened and in joint compression is called...???

Back 152

closed packed. this is a joint's most stable position

Front 153

the closed packed position for the spine is?

Back 153

maximal extension

Front 154

the closed packed position for the hip is?

Back 154

max extension, internal rotation, abduction

Front 155

the closed-packed position of the knee is??

Back 155

maximal extension and external rotation

Front 156

the closed packed position for the ankle is?

Back 156

maximal dorsiflextion

Front 157

the closed packed position for the glenohumoral joint is ?

Back 157

abduction and external roation

Front 158

the closed packed position of the acromioclavicular joint is?

Back 158

90 degrees of abduction

Front 159

the closed packed position for the sternoclavicular joint is

Back 159

maximal elevation

Front 160

the closed packed position for the ulnohumeral joint is ?

Back 160

extension in supination

Front 161

the closed packed position for the radiohumeral joint is?

Back 161

flexion is supination

Front 162

the closed packed position for the wrist is?

Back 162

maximal dorisilfexion

Front 163

forces incurred in a (closed/open)packed position increase the chance of fracture and dislocation

Back 163

closed

Front 164

forces incurred in a (closed/open) packed position increase chance of muscular and ligamentous sprain

Back 164

open

Front 165

a joint with limited movement that is held together by fibrous attachments is called??
examples include skull sutures and synarthorisis of distal tib/fib

Back 165

synarthrodial or fibrous joint

Front 166

a joint held together with either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage with limited movement is...?

Back 166

amphiarthrodial or cartilaginous joint

Front 167

the three parts of a IVD are???

Back 167

vertebral end plates
annuls fibrosis
nucleus pulposis

Front 168

T/F the only true ligaments of the IVD are the outer layer fibers

Back 168

true

Front 169

what part of the IVD is formed by a thin layer of cartilage that covers the vertebral body ?

Back 169

vertebral end plates

Front 170

which part of the IVD consists of 10-20 collagen fiber sheets arranged in opposing concentric rings and surround the nucleus pulposus

Back 170

annul fibrosis

Front 171

the annulus is thicker toward the (anterior and lateral/ posterior and lateral)

Back 171

anterior and lateral

Front 172

the weakest portion of the anulus fibrosis is the (thinnest/thickest) and is (posterolateral/anterolateral)

Back 172

thinnes, posterolateral

Front 173

which portion of the IVD is the embryologic portion of the notochord?

Back 173

nucleus puposis

Front 174

what converts axial compressive forces to tensile forces equally in all directions in the IVD?

Back 174

anulus fibrosis and end-plate

Front 175

T/F the preloaded state of the disc promotes self-stabilization

Back 175

true. water-absorbing property of disc "preloads" it. this allows for greater resistance to compressive forces. affected by age.

Front 176

T/F imbibition of water in disc decreases with age

Back 176

true

Front 177

T/F the central portion of the end plate is the weakest part of the disc

Back 177

true. because it is thin and contains the microscopic pores for water imbibition and diffusion.

Front 178

standing or axial loading allows disc to undergo??

Back 178

creep and hysteresis

Front 179

T/F the thoracic region's ratio of disc to height is the most mobile.

Back 179

false. cervical region is most mobile (2:5)
thoracis are least mobile with 1:5 ratio
lumbar is 1:3

Front 180

T/F the obliquity of the orientation of the annular fibers gives the disc the ability to optimally resist all of the movements of the swivel joint

Back 180

true

Front 181

during axial distraction, the tension through the entire annulus (lowers/rises)

Back 181

rises

Front 182

during axial distraction when internal disc pressure decreases, excessive axial traction may (increase/decrease) intradisc pressure due to tension of the internal anulus

Back 182

increase

Front 183

during axial compression, intradiscal pressure initially (increases/decreases)

Back 183

increases

Front 184

T/F in axial compression,compressive forces within the disc are converted into tensile forces throughout the collagen fibers of the entire annular lamellae

Back 184

true

Front 185

during extension, flexion and lateral bending, the ipsilateral anulus buckles T/F

Back 185

true

Front 186

during extension, flexion and lateral bending, the contralateral anulus elongates and the outer anulus undergoes the most tension T/F

Back 186

true

Front 187

the nuclueus pulposus is deformed and radially compressed into the contralateral anulus when disc is in extension, flexton or lateral bending. T/F

Back 187

true

Front 188

T/F during axial rotational movement, the annular lamellae that oppose the motion elongate and undergo tension

Back 188

true

Front 189

T/F internal disc pressure increases in proportion to the degree of sliding in shear movement

Back 189

true

Front 190

the study of the mechanics of a living body, especially the forces exerted by muscles and gravity on skeletal structure is called???

Back 190

biomechanics

Front 191

the branch of mechanics that deals with pure motion, without reference to the masses or forces involved in it is???

Back 191

kinematics

Front 192

the branch of mechanics that deals with the actions of forces in producing or changing the motion of masses is??

Back 192

kinetics

Front 193

in biomechanics, the bones act as...

Back 193

levers

Front 194

in biomechanics, the ligaments and joints form the ...

Back 194

hinge

Front 195

in biomechanics, the muscles provide the ...

Back 195

force to move the levers about the joint

Front 196

a rigid bar that moves about a fixed point, the axis or fulcrum is the...

Back 196

lever

Front 197

the force applied at some point along a lever to move a part that is met with a force that opposes it is???

Back 197

resistance

Front 198

when force and resistance are on opposite sides of axis, example, triceps extension, this is what class of lever?

Back 198

class I

Front 199

when force and resistance are on same side of axis but resistance is closer to the axis than force...example gastroc pushing up on toes...what type of lever is this?

Back 199

class II

Front 200

when force and resistance are on the same side of axis but the force is closer to the axis than the weight, example biceps flexing elbow..this is what class???

Back 200

class III

Front 201

movement that occurs linearly along an axis is?

Back 201

translation

Front 202

movement that occurs around one axis is called...

Back 202

rotation

Front 203

when every point along a bone moves to the same extent in the same motion and is translated, this bone is said to be under what type of force?

Back 203

shear

Front 204

tow non-aligned forces that act in opposing direction on different points on the bone are called a???

Back 204

force couple

Front 205

the force that causes rotation of a bone is called?

Back 205

torque

Front 206

T/F the axis of rotation is where the centers of rotation of a structure align along a common axis

Back 206

true. the axis of rotation is a region that does not move when two or more opposing and unaligned forces act on a bone

Front 207

the point that is not stationary but is subject to change in space and time whenever different and opposing forces act upon the structure is called??

Back 207

IAR instantaneous axis of rotation

Front 208

the applied elongating force is known as the???

Back 208

stress. the elongating force applied to tissue

Front 209

the degree to which the object is elongated is known as??

Back 209

strain. measured as a percentage increase in length of the tissue relative to its initial length before the stress was applied

Front 210

when a tissue is stretched horizontally, the deforming force is known as??

Back 210

tension strain

Front 211

when a tissue is compressed longitudinally, the deforming stress is known as

Back 211

compression strain

Front 212

a force that causes two object to slide with respect to one another is referred to as??

Back 212

shear strain

Front 213

when a tissue is twisted, the deforming force is known as??

Back 213

torsion strain

Front 214

(shear/tension)applies toe forces exerted along the long axis of a tissue

Back 214

Tension forces

Front 215

(shear/tension) forces are applied across the axis

Back 215

shear

Front 216

collagenous tissue in neutral position where fibers are buckled and wavy is termed??

Back 216

crimp

Front 217

the toe phase of the stress strain curve is when the collagenous tissues are straightening....?

Back 217

crimp

Front 218

once crimp is removed, the collagenous fibers are said to be in what phase of stress strain curve?

Back 218

linear phase

Front 219

a collagenous tissue fails when the force applied is (greater than/less than) the internal strength of its chemical bonds

Back 219

greater than

Front 220

at what percentage elongation does collagenous tissue fail?

Back 220

4% elongation

Front 221

what area of the stress strain curve do we evaluate and adjust?

Back 221

toe phase

Front 222

the ability of a tissue to resist strain or deformation is??

Back 222

stiffness

Front 223

is measured by the amount of force required to elongate or deform a tissue is called??

Back 223

stiffness

Front 224

when resistance of a tissue exactly balances the force attempting to elongate it, this is called

Back 224

initial range of movement

Front 225

when constant force is applied to a tissue for a prolonged period of time its initial range of movement increases..this is known as??

Back 225

creep. continued displacement at some point in a stress/strain curve

Front 226

(creep/hysteresis) provides an indirect measure of the interactions of collagen, proeoglycans and water in a collagenous tissue

Back 226

creep. relevant to one's ADL (activities of daily living)

Front 227

(Hysteresis/creep) occurs because all tissues exhibit differences in behavior during loading vs. unloading

Back 227

hysteresis

Front 228

the difference between the initial and final length of a tissue during loading and unloading is known as a ???

Back 228

set

Front 229

T/F hysteresis and set do not occur if a tissue is stressed within toe phase. only within linear phase

Back 229

true

Front 230

T/F healing in a set position can compromise the mechanical function of the tissue

Back 230

true

Front 231

frequent repetitions can cause a tissue to fail at a stress that is less than required to damage the tissue in a single application of force is called???

Back 231

fatigue failure

Front 232

T/F fatigue failure (CTD) is governed by the nature of the tissue, the magnitude of stress, the frequency of the stress applied

Back 232

true (CDT = cumulative trauma disorder)

Front 233

fatigue failure
I = NF/AR
what do letters stand for?

Back 233

I = insult to tissue
N = number of repetitions
F = force or tension of each repetition as a % of max strength
A = amplitude of each repetition
R = relaxation time between repetition

Front 234

T/F
in vibration,
N is high
A is low
R is low
tissue injury is high

Back 234

true

Front 235

T/F
in poor posture
F is high
A is near zero
R is near zero
tissue injury is high

Back 235

true

Front 236

a force that causes bending is known as??

Back 236

moment. magnitude of moment is proportional to force applied

Front 237

the bending capacity of a moment will be (greater/less)if the force applied is greater

Back 237

greater

Front 238

the perpendicular distance between the fixed point of an object and the direction of the force applied is referred to as the ??

Back 238

moment arm

Front 239

T/F the moment generated by a muscle is a product of the force exerted by the muscle and the moment arm

Back 239

true