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195 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what is the natural therapeutic order?
1. establish conditions for health
2. stimulate the healing power of nature
3. address weakened or damaged systems or organs
4. correct structural integrity
5. address pathology (naturally)
6. address pathology (pharmacology)
7. suppress or surgically remove pathology
first order of correcting structural integrity?
-manipulation
-therapeutic exercise
-massage or surgery for:
microtrauma
mactrotrauma
repetitive stress
postural syndromes
congenital conditions
what is second order of correcting structural integrity?
manipulation
therapeutic exercise
massage or surgery for structural problems that are the result of stress upon internal systems (i.e. digestive disorders)
what are the divisions and vertebrae of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic (T1-L2)
parasympathetic
-cranial (III, VII, IX, X)
-sacral (S2, S3, S4)
what are somato-visceral influences?
central, peripheral, autonomic nervous systems
what are local viscero-visceral reflexes?
influencing the structure which generated the impulse
what are systemic viscero-visceral reflexes?
influencing other structures in response to a given stimuli
what are psycho-somato visceral reflexes?
mind influences the body and vice versa via complex interconnections and interactions
what is the definition of kinesiology?
the study of motion or human movement
what is the definition of biomechanics?
applies the principles of physics to human motion
definition of osteokinematics?
gross motion of joints in the cardinal planes
definition of arthrokinematics?
fine bone on bone motion within joints
what are two types of kinematic motions? definitions?
translation- linear motion in which all parts of the body move in the same direction

rotation-motion in which body parts move in a circular path around a pivot point (axis of motion)
in translation (kinematic movement), what will glide in a straight line? a curved line?
rectilinear
curvilinear
what movements can translation or rotation be described in? definition?
active- movement caused by muscle action

passive- movement caused by sources outside the body, such as a push by another person or pull of gravity
what are the three planes of motion?
sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse (axial)
what are the three axes of motion?
x-axis (frontal/coronal)
y-axis (longitudinal/vertical)
z-axis (sagittal)
what plane and axis does flexion and extension occur?
sagittal plane on frontal axis
what plane and axis does abduction and adduction occur?
frontal plane on sagittal axis
what plane and axis does rotation occur?
transverse plane on longitudinal axis
what is linear motion (gliding)?

examples?
motion of one flat or nearly flat bone surface glides or slips over another without appreciable angulation or rotation (little motion)

metacarpal joints
metatarsal joints
vertebral facets joints
what is angular motion (rotation)?

examples?
can occur in any body plane. motion causing either an increase or decrease in the angle between two bones.

flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
in angular motion:
angle with flexion....
angle with extension....
angle with hyperextension...
reduces
increases
extension past anatomical position
angular motion:
circumduction?
circular motion w/o rotation. combo of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction performed in succession
what are examples of special movements?
supination/pronation
inversion/eversion
plantar flexion/dorsiflexion
elevation/depression
protraction/retraction (horizontal plane)
thumb opposition/reposition
radial/ulnar deviation (hand and digits)
trunk flexion/extension/lateral flexion
rotation of head and trunk
what is an open kinematic chain?example?
distal segment of the chain is NOT FIXED to the earth or an immovable object, therefore the distal segment is free to move

tibia moves on the femur in kicking
what is a closed kinematic chain?example?
distal segment of chain IS FIXED to the earth or an immovable object, therefore the proximal segment is free to move

femur moves on tibia in a squat
what are some characteristics of fibrous joints?
bones joined by dense fibrous tissue, no joint cavity present, most are synarthrodial (immovable), some are amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable).
amount of movement is dependent upon the length of CT fibers connecting bones
what are 3 types of fibrous joints?
suture
gomphosis
syndesmosis
what are some characteristics of sutures (fibrous joints)?
occur only between bones of skull
wavy bone edges interlock
joint filled with very short CT fibers
continuous with periosteum
what is the function of sutures?
holds bones tightly together
allows bone throth duringyouth
ossified later in life: "synostosis"
what are some characteristics of gomphosis (fibrous joints)?
peg-in-socket fibrous joint
articulation of tooth into alveolar socket
fibrous connection is short periodontal ligament (i.e. tooth)
what are some characteristics of syndesmosis (fibrous joints)?
bones connected by a ligament
cord or band of fibrous tissue
-long collagen fibers/amt of mvment depends on length of fibers
what are some characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
bones connected by some form of cartilage
no joint activity
depending on length of collagen fibers, joints may be synarthroidal (immovable) or amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable)
what are two types of cartilagenous joints?
synchrondosis and symphysis
what are cartilaginous joints (synchrondosis)? examples?
bones connected by hyaline cartilage
(i.e. epiphyseal plate joining diaphysis to epiphysis, costosternal joint)
what are cartilaginous joints (symphysis)? examples?
articular surfaces of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
cartilage is fused to shock-absorbing pad of fibrocartilage
(i.e. intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis)
what are synovial joints?
bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity connected by ligaments of dense CT. permits freedom of movement.
what are the features of synovial joints?
articular cartilage on ends of bones
articular capsule (fibrous capsule with inner synovial membrane)
joint cavity (synovial cavity with small amt of synovial fluid)
synovial fluid (produced by synovial membrane)
reinforcing ligaments (outside of and blending into the capsule)
what are the components of synovial fluid?
occupies all free space w/in a capsule and w/in cartilage
viscous fluid (lg amt of hyaluronic acid)
reduces friction btwn cartilages
nourishes articular cartilage
what are the 6 types of synovial joints?
gliding
hinge
pivot
ball and socket
saddle
condyloid
what is a gliding joint?

examples?
gliding motion along a flat articular surface (essentially flat). allow only slipping or gliding movements, non axial joints.

ex: facet joints of vertebrae, intercarpal/tarsal joints
what is a hinge joint?

examples?
motion around an axis perpendicular to the long axis of a bone. convex surface of a bone fits into concave surface of another bone. motion in a single plane (uniaxial). permits flexion and extension ONLY.

ex: ulna and humerus at elbow joint, femur and tibia at knee joint, finger and toe joints
what is a pivot joint?

examples?
motion around a single axis parallel to the long axis of a bone. one bone has a projection that fits into the ligamentous ring of another bone. projecting bone rotates on its longitudinal axis (uniaxial)

ex: atlantoaxial joint (axis and dens), and proximal radioulnar joint
what is a condyloid joint?

examples?
motion around 2 axes (biaxial). oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary oval depression in another. permits all angular motions.

ex: radiocarpal joint (wrist), metacarpophalangeal joints
what is a saddle joint?

examples?
motion around two axes (biaxial). articular surface of each bone is shaped like a saddle-concave in one direction, convex in another.
unique joint allows several motions of thumb (flexion/extension, ad/abduction, slight rotation, circumduction).

ex: **only thumb. first carpometacarpal joint-allows for opposable thumbs
what is a ball and socket joint?

examples?
motion around 3 axes (triaxial). a spherical or hemispherical head of one bone ("ball") fits into a cuplike depression ("socket") of anothe rbone. mulitaxial joint. permits freely moving synovial joints.

ex: head of humerus into glenoid cavity, head of femur into acetabulum.
how do skeletal muscles produce a given joint motion?
work in groups rather than independently
what do different shapes and fiber arrangements affect in skeletal muscle?
a muscles ability to exert force and the range through which a muscle can effectively exert force onto a bone
what does the cross section diameter of skeletal muscle effect?
muscles's ability to exert force-greater cross section diatmeter= greater force exertion
how do skeletal muscles have the ability to shorten?
longer muscles can shorten through a greater range and are more effective in moving joints through large ROM
what are the 5 types of fiber arrangements in skeletal muscles?
parallel
fusiform
circular
convergent
pennate
fiber arrangement for parallel muscles?

description?

example?
parallel to length of muscle

produce a greater ROM than smaller sized muscles w/ pennate arrangement

sartorius
fiber arrangement for fusiform (spindle shaped) muscles?

description?

example?
parallel and with large cross section diameter

produce a greater ROM than smaller sized muscles w/ pennate arrangement

biceps brachii
fiber arrangement for pennate (feather-like) muscles?

description?

example?
shorter fibers and arranged obliquely to their tendons in a manner similar to a feather.

arrangement increases the cross sectional area of the muscle, thereby increasing the power (tension)

unipennate- extensor digitorum
bipennate- rectus femoris
mulitpennate- deltoid
fiber arrangement for convergent muscles?

description?

example?
broad origin, pointed insertion

direction of pull can be varied (versatile)

pectoralis major
fiber arrangement for circular muscles?

description?

example?
concentric fibers adjust opening

sphincter

orbicularis oris
what is strength?
maximal force a muscle can generate for a single maximal effort. amount of tension a muscle produces
what is power?
work done over a given period of time (work/time). muscle contracting in a very brief amount of time
what is torque?
muscle force causing rotary movement of a body around an axis. a turning or twisting force
what is contraction and how can it be used?
tension developed in a muscle as a result of a stimulus

cause control or prevent joint movement to initiate/accelerate, or slow down/decelerate, movement of a body segment, and prevent movement of a body segment by external forces
(isometric or isotonic)
what is isometric contraction?
tension developed within a muscle w/o joint motion/static contractions
when does isometric contraction occur? when is it used?
when tension a muscle develops is the same as the force applied to that muscle. to stabilize joints.
what is isotonic contraction?
muscle contraction w/o appreciable change in the force of contraction/maintains tension under a constant load.
when does isotonic contraction occur?
tension is developed within a muscle for either initiating movement or controlling movement/dynamic contractions
characteristics of isotonic contractions?
concentric (shortening)
eccentric (lengthening)
what is concentric contraction?

when does it occur?
muscle develops tension as it shortens. comes to the center.

occurs when a muscle develops enough tension to overcome the resistance being applied to it (used to initiate movement against gravity or resistance).
what is eccentric contraction? when is it used?
muscle lengthens under tension/muscle tension is less than the resistance applied to it. results in controlled joint motion.

used to decelerate body segment movement
what is line of pull?

when can it change?

what is it a function of?
direction of movement produced by the contracting muscle. the pull of a muscle from its origin to insertion

may change during joint motion

muscle's attachment
plane of joint motion
muscle's distance from the joint's axis of rotation
what can happen in an altered muscle's line of pull?
muscle will be inefficient, work harder, and have more strain put upon it; leading to muscle weakness, hypertonicity or trigger points and to aberrant sensory input (may result in muscle imbalance and joint dysfunction)
what is angle of pull? does it change?
angle between the line of pull of the muscle and the bone on which it inserts. changes with every degree of joint motion
what if the angle of pull is vertical? horizontal?
vertical- always perpendicular to the lever (attachment) and causes rotational movement at the joint axis (90 degree pull= 100% rotational)

horizontal- always parallel to the lever (attachment) and causes non-rotational movement at the joint axis (45 degree pull-> rotational force=stabilizing force
what is reverse action of concentric muscle contractions?

what if neither bones are stabilized?

examples?
when a muscle contracts, it pulls both ends toward the center of the muscle.

muscle contraction pulls both bones toward each other

open (biceps curl) and closed (chin-up) chain
what does ROM depend on? examples?
length of muscle fibers. long fibers=large ROM (i.e. parallel and fusiform)
what does power depend on? examples?
total # of muscle fibers. many fibers= great power (i.e. convergent, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate)
in muscle function, what is irritability (excitability)?
property of muscle being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli
in muscle function, what is contractility?
ability of muscle to contract and develop tension (internal force) against resistance when stimulated
in muscle function, what is extensibility?
ability of muscle to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length
in muscle function, what is elasticity?
ability of muscle to return to its original length following stretching
how do joints affect muscle action?
a muscle may cause more than one action either at the same joint or at a different joint depending on the characteristics of the joints
ratio of muscle and nerve innervation?
a muscle may be innervate by more than one nerve, and a nerve may innervate more than one muscle
can muscles share a common tendon?
yes, 2 or more may do so.
i.e. achilles tendon of gastro and soleus, 3 proximal attachments of triceps brachii.
what are prime movers (agonists)?
muscles that assume the major responsibilities for producing specific movement
what are antagonists?
muscles that oppose or reverse the movement by a prime mover. also help regulate the action of the prime mover by partially contracting to provide some resistance or to slow or stop the action
what is a synergist?
a muscle which performs or assists the same joint as the agonist. can be more than one.
what are stabilizers (fixator)?
synergists that act to control motion of the prime mover. can:
immobilize origin of prime mover so can act more efficiently
tends to be continuous low level muscle activity with either isometric or eccentric pull
what is a lever? function?
a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point (bones of a skeleton)

convert force into torque (work of a contracting muscle to the force of a rotating bone)
what is a fulcrum?

what moves the system of bony levers?
a fixed point of leverage (joints of the body)

internal and external forces-produce torque
what is effort?

what forces are involved w/ musculoskeletal levers?
force applied to move a resistance (tension/torque of the muscles)

those produced by muscle, gravity and external physical contacts
what is load?
the resistance to be moved (bone, tissue mass and objects to be moved)
describe a mechanical advantage (power lever), and what is it good at lifting?
load close to fulcrum, effort applied far from fulcrum, small effort over long distance.

heavy loads
describe a mechanical disadvantage (speed lever), and what is it good at lifting?
load far from fulcrum, effort near fulcrum, force exerted must be greater than force moved.

allow load to move rapidly
describe a first class lever.

example?
fulcrum between effort and load. effort at one end of lever and load on other end w/ fulcrum in between.

atlanto-occipital joint lies between the posterior cervical muscles and the weight of the forehead and face
describe a second class lever.

example?
load between fulcrum and effort. great strength, less speed and ROM. effort at one end, fulcrum on other end, load in between (rare in body, but mechanical advantage).

plantar flexion of foot
describe a third class lever.

example?
effort between load and fulcrum (popular in body). great speed w/ mechanical disadvantage. allow rapid movement w/ little shortening of muscle (produce fast, large movements w/ little effort)

biceps muscle effort is applied to forearm between elbow joint and weight of hand and forearm
skeletal muscle-
surrounded by:
contains:
epimysium

muscle fascicles
muscle fascicle-
surrounded by:
contains:
perimysium

muscle fibers
muscle fiber-
surrounded by:
contains:
endomysium

myofibrils
myofibril-
surrounded by:
contains:
sarcoplasmic reticulum

sarcomeres
sarcomere contains?
thick and thin filaments
what are the 5 basic components of a neuromuscular junction?
motor neuron
motor end plate
synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicles
neurotransmitters
what happens in muscle contraction?
motor nerve impulses cause release of ACh from synaptic vesicles which bind to receptors on motor end plate and generate muscle contraction
what happens in muscle relaxation?
AChase breaks down ACh, motor neuron impulses stop, Ca moves back into SR, myosin and actin binding prevented
what is a motor unit?

what happens when it fires?

what systems does it connect?
single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.

all muscle fibers contract together

functional connection between the nervous system and muscular system
how many fibers can a neuron innervate?
one neuron may innervate several muscle fibers, one muscle fiber may be innervated by several motor neurons
what types of control will motor innervation cause?
fine control (extraocular muscles-20 fibers)
strength control (gastroc-1000 fibers)
one muscle fiber may act w/ several motor units depending upon demand
what is a muscle twitch?
single brief stimulus to a muscle that produces a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation lasting less than 1/10 second (not strong enough to do any useful work)
is single twitch suffice for normal activities?
no, normal activities require more tension than is produced by single fiber twitch-they involve sustained muscle contraction of the whole muscle
what is treppe?
relaxation is complete before next stimulus occurs. each contraction is a little stronger than previous
what is wave summation (temporal summation)?
if a 2nd stimulus is applied before relaxation is complete, the 2nd contraction is greater
what are two types of tetanus?
incomplete and complete
what is tetanus?
w/ higher frequency of stimulation, muscle relaxation btwn contractions is reduced
what is incomplete tetanus?
produces peak tension during rapidly alternating cycles of contraction and partial relaxation
what is complete tetanus?
sustained maximal contraction at peak tension, typical of normal contraction
what is twitch, and the three phases? with what frequency does twitch occur?
a single muscle contraction.
1) latent
2) contraction
3) relaxation
occurs with low frequency stimuli (up to 10 stimuli/sec)
each stimulus produces an identical twitch response
with what frequency does treppe occur?
moderate frequency stimuli (btwn 10-20 stimuli/sec). each subsequent contraction is stronger than the previous one until, after a few stimuli, all contractions are equal
with what frequency does wave summation occur?
higher frequency stimulation (20-40 stimuli/sec). each stimulus arrives before the previous twitch is over.
increase frequency of stimulus=increase frequency of contraction
with what frequency does incomplete tetanus occur?
higher frequency stimulation (20-40 stimuli/sec-like wave summation)
sustained fluttering contractions and partially relaxed muscle fibers between contractions
with what frequency does complete tetanus occur?
maximum frequency stimulation (40-50 stimuli/sec)
no relaxation btwn contractions. twitches fuse into smooth prolonged contraction
what are the 3 functional classifications of neurons
sensory
motor
interneuron
what is a sensory neuron?
afferent neurons, transmit impulses from receptors to brain or spinal cord
what is a motor neuron?
efferent neurons, transmit impulses from brain or spinal cord to effector sites (i.e. muscles, glands or organs)
what is an interneuron?
association neurons, transmit impulses from one neuron to another
what are 3 types of nerve fibers? subgroups?
A-a, ß, gamma, ∆
B
C
How are "A" fibers described?
Aa (100ms)-fastest conducting, largest diameter, motor efferents, muscle spindle afferents

AB (50 ms)- touch and pressure afferents (mechanoreceptors)

Agamma (20 ms)- motor efferent to muscle spindle

Adelta (15 ms)- skin temperature and pain (noxious stimuli)
How are "B" fibers described?
(7ms). myelinated, slower, sympathetic preganglion
How are "C" fibers described?
(1ms) unmyelinated, slower conducting than A fibers and smallest diameter. pain (burning, aching), sympathetic postganglionic
what are the 5 basic components of the spinal cord reflex arc?
1) sensory receptor- transmits a.p. stimulated by sensation
2) sensory neuron- transmits impulses to spinal cord
3) interneuron- connects or switches impulses to other neurons
4) motor neuron- transmits motor impulses
5) effector organ- responds with reflex contraction of muscle or gland
what is proprioception?
sense of position and movement of one's own limbs and body w/o using vision (somatosensory)
what does proprioception sense?
sense of body and limb position
sense of speed and direction of limb joint movement
sense of muscle length and tension
what are three types of mechanoreceptors that detect proprioception?
1) muscle spindle receptors
2) golgi tendon organs (GTO)
3) joint kinesthetic receptors
where are muscle spindle receptors located?
fleshy part of muscle
what do muscle spindles receptors consist of?
intrafusal muscle fibers which are modified muscle fibers enclosed in a capusle w/in extrafusal muscle fibers (voluntary skeletal muscle)
what are the end of intrafusal fibers and where do they attach?
contractile and extrafusal fibers
what does the spindle detect?
the rate at which the muscle fibers are stretched and their length
what will changes in the length of the muscle fibers in a muscle spindle help with?
aids in the coordination and efficiency of muscle contraction
what are the two types of intrafusal fibers?
nuclear bag and nuclear chain
where are nuclear bag fibers?
concentrated in the central "bag" part of the fiber
where are the ends of nuclear bag fibers?
contractile fibers are attached to the extrafusal fibers
what are the ends of fibers like in nuclear bag fibers?
striated and contractile
where do the contractile ends of the nuclear bag fibers receive input from?
gamma motor neurons
what are the nuclear bag fibers sensitive to?
sudden rate of change in muscle length (phasic)
what are the ends of fibers like in nuclear chain fibers?
striated and contractile
how are nuclei spread in nuclear chain fibers?
"chain-like" fashion in the center of the fiber
where are the contractile fibers attached to in nuclear chain fibers?
the ends of nuclear chain fibers
what are nuclear chain fibers sensitive to?
steady changes and length of muscle (tonic)
what wraps the central non-contractile region of the "bag" and "chain"?
sensory nerve endings that send input about length of the spindle to the CNS
what are two types of sensory nerve endings?
primary endings type Ia fiber
secondary endings type ll fiber
what are primary endings type la fiber?
annulospiral sensory endings
larger diameter
conduct impulses faster (100ms)
respond to rate of change in the muscle fiber length
what are secondary endings type ll fiber?
flower spray sensory endings
smaller diameter
conduct impulses more slowly
respond to overall length of the muscle fiber
what are 2 responses to stretching?
monosynaptic spinal reflex and stretch response controlled by the cerebellum
what is the monosynaptic spinal reflex?
makes a rapid adjustment to prevent a fall
what is the stretch response controlled by the cerebellum?
regulated muscle tone (i.e. the steady force of a non-contracting muscle to resist stretching)
where are GTO's located?
encapsulated nerve endings located at the junction of tendon and muscle
what are the ends of GTO's like?
have numerous terminal branches associated with bundles of collagen fibers in the tendon
what does GTO detect?
force of muscle contraction
tension applied to the tendon
prevents contracting muscle from applying excessive tension to tendons
what muscle action does GTO produce?
sudden relaxation
what role does GTO play a role in?
muscle tone imbalance, muscle spasm, and tender points
what sensory neurons does increased tension stimulate from the GTO?
lb sensory neurons (GTO only sensitive to intense stretch)
in GTO, what happens when interneurons synapse with alpha motor neurons?

then what does the muscle do?
inhibitory neurotransmitters are released
inhibits the alpha motor neurons which innervate extrafusal muscle to which the GTO is attached

muscle relaxes and reduces tension applied to the tendons (protect tendon and muscle from damage)
what are 2 responses of GTO's?
dynamic and static
what is a dynamic response of GTO?
sudden increase in muscle tension causes a decrease in muscle tone via involuntary muscular relaxation
what is a static response of GTO?
a sustained or gradual increase in muscle tension causes a decrease in muscle tone
where are joint kinesthetic receptors located?

how are they there?
in and around synovial joint capsules

encapsulated and free nerve endings
what do joint kinesthetic receptors detect?
direction of movement of the joint
acceleration/deceleration of joint
pressure in joint
excessive joint strain
postural changes (along with input from skin receptors-Ruffini and Merkel's discs)
what are three types of joint kinesthetic receptors?
pacinian corpuscles
ruffini corpuscles
free nerve endings
what are pacinian corpuscles?
located in CT and synovial joint capsules
respond to rapid pressure changes
respond to stretch
respond to acceleration and deceleration of joint movement
what are ruffini corpuscles?
located in synovial capsules and ligaments
respond to deep rapid and sustained pressure
especially responsive to lateral stretch
detects changes in joint angles
ligament receptors adjust muscle tone
what are free nerve endings of joint kinesthetic receptors?
located in most body tissues (joint capsules, ligaments, tendons, fat pads, menisci and periosteum)
respond to rapid and sustained pressure
what 3 reflexes do proprioceptors affect tone by?
(automatic response w/o conscious thought)
quick stretch reflex
reciprocal inhibition
autogenic inhibition
what is quick stretch reflex?
reflex response from muscle spindles
what does quick stretch reflex produce?
contraction of the muscle being stretched
what are the functions of the quick stretch reflex?
monitors status of muscle activity
guards against potential injury
respond to rapid and sustained pressure
what are the characteristics of most joint surfaces of arthrokinematics?
convex and concave
what are the characteristics of the convex-concave relationship?
increases contact sufrace area of the joint
contributes to increased joint stability
increases dissipation of contact forces
helps guide motion between bones
what are the 5 movements that occur between joint surfaces?
roll
slide
spin
distraction and longitudinal traction
compression
in arthrokinematics, what is 'roll'?

example?
multiple points along one articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface.
roll occurs in direction of movement
occurs on incongruent (unequal) surfaces
usually occurs in combination with sliding or spinning

tire rotating (rolling) across the pavement
femoral condyles rolling on tibial plateau
in arthrokinematics, what is 'slide (glide)'?

example?
a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface
when a mobilization technique is applied to produce a slide in the joint it is referred to as a glide
more congruent surfaces, more sliding

stationary tire sliding on a stretch of icy pavement
carpal bones sliding along their facet surfaces
in arthrokinematics, what is 'spin'?

example?
single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface. rotates around a stationary longitudinal mechanical axis
spin does not occur by itself during normal joint motion

spinning a top on a one spot on the floor
head of radius at the humeroradial joint during pronation and supination
in arthrokinematics, what is 'distraction and longitudinal traction'?

example?
joint surfaces are pulled apart. used to stretch a joint capsule and mobilize a joint

hip (femur and acetabulum)
spine (vertebrae)
in arthrokinematics, what is 'compression'?

example?
decrease in the space between two joint surfaces
adds stability to a joint
normal response to muscle contraction

femur to hip bone-compression pushes inwards (distraction pulls outwards, longitudinal traction pulls downwards)
what is the convex-on-concave and concave-on-convex rule?
describes the relationship of rolling and sliding motion within a joint when one joint surface is convex and the other surface is concave
what is convex-on-concave motion?
when concave side of a joint is stabilized (anchored) the convex joint surface slides (glides) in the OPPOSITE direction as it rolls
what is the concave-on-convex motion?
when the convex side of a joint is stabilized (anchored) the concave joint surface slides (glides) in the SAME direction as it rolls
5 aspects of the clinical significance of the convex-concave rule?
basis for joint stabilization techniques
physiological movements (movement of bones done voluntarily)
accessory movements
joint play (done w/ response to outside force)
end-feel (interpret joint play movements)
clinical significance of concave-convex rule?
tx often combines facilitation of physiological mobilization (o.kin) and accessory movements (a.kin) to restore a particular joint movement
follow rule to restore normal joint play
what is the sequence of quick stretch reflex?
stretching (via muscle contraction) stimulates the muscle spindle (intrafusal)
within the spinal cord the sensory neuron activates the alpha motor neuron (monosynaptic)
the alpha motor neuron stimulates the muscle (extrafusal) to contract and resist the stretch
what is reciprocal inhibition?
reflex response from muscle spindles
what does reciprocal inhibition inhibit?
inhibits muscle opposite the contracted muscle
what is the function of reciprocal inhibition?
induces inhibition (relaxation) of an antagonist so that the agonist can contract and cause joint movment
what is the sequence of reciprocal inhibition?
stretching (via muscle contraction) stimulates the muscle spindle (intrafusal)
within the spinal cord the sensory neuron activates and inhibitory interneuron which sends inhibitory signals to the antagonist of the muscle that was stretched
the antagonist is inhibited (relaxed) to allow the agonist to contract and cause joint movement
what is autogenic inhibition?
reflex response from GTO
what is the autogenic inhibition response?
an inhibitory response to a muscle that develops too much tension either via shortening or lengthening
what are the functions of autogenic inhibition?
guards against potential injury to a muscles' fibers
muscle relaxation reduces tension applied to the muscle and tendons and protects them from damage
what is the sequence of autogenic inhibition?
stretching the tendon (via muscle contraction or passive stretch) increases the tension in the tendon and activates the afferent GTO (lb)
the GTO neurons synapse in the spinal cord with inhibitory interneurons
the interneuron inhibits the contracting muscle (agonist) and activates the antagonist
the contracting muscle relaxes and the antagonist contracts