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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the natural therapeutic order?
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1. establish conditions for health
2. stimulate the healing power of nature 3. address weakened or damaged systems or organs 4. correct structural integrity 5. address pathology (naturally) 6. address pathology (pharmacology) 7. suppress or surgically remove pathology |
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first order of correcting structural integrity?
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-manipulation
-therapeutic exercise -massage or surgery for: microtrauma mactrotrauma repetitive stress postural syndromes congenital conditions |
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what is second order of correcting structural integrity?
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manipulation
therapeutic exercise massage or surgery for structural problems that are the result of stress upon internal systems (i.e. digestive disorders) |
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what are the divisions and vertebrae of the autonomic nervous system?
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sympathetic (T1-L2)
parasympathetic -cranial (III, VII, IX, X) -sacral (S2, S3, S4) |
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what are somato-visceral influences?
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central, peripheral, autonomic nervous systems
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what are local viscero-visceral reflexes?
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influencing the structure which generated the impulse
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what are systemic viscero-visceral reflexes?
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influencing other structures in response to a given stimuli
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what are psycho-somato visceral reflexes?
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mind influences the body and vice versa via complex interconnections and interactions
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what is the definition of kinesiology?
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the study of motion or human movement
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what is the definition of biomechanics?
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applies the principles of physics to human motion
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definition of osteokinematics?
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gross motion of joints in the cardinal planes
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definition of arthrokinematics?
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fine bone on bone motion within joints
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what are two types of kinematic motions? definitions?
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translation- linear motion in which all parts of the body move in the same direction
rotation-motion in which body parts move in a circular path around a pivot point (axis of motion) |
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in translation (kinematic movement), what will glide in a straight line? a curved line?
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rectilinear
curvilinear |
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what movements can translation or rotation be described in? definition?
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active- movement caused by muscle action
passive- movement caused by sources outside the body, such as a push by another person or pull of gravity |
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what are the three planes of motion?
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sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse (axial)
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what are the three axes of motion?
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x-axis (frontal/coronal)
y-axis (longitudinal/vertical) z-axis (sagittal) |
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what plane and axis does flexion and extension occur?
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sagittal plane on frontal axis
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what plane and axis does abduction and adduction occur?
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frontal plane on sagittal axis
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what plane and axis does rotation occur?
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transverse plane on longitudinal axis
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what is linear motion (gliding)?
examples? |
motion of one flat or nearly flat bone surface glides or slips over another without appreciable angulation or rotation (little motion)
metacarpal joints metatarsal joints vertebral facets joints |
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what is angular motion (rotation)?
examples? |
can occur in any body plane. motion causing either an increase or decrease in the angle between two bones.
flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction |
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in angular motion:
angle with flexion.... angle with extension.... angle with hyperextension... |
reduces
increases extension past anatomical position |
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angular motion:
circumduction? |
circular motion w/o rotation. combo of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction performed in succession
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what are examples of special movements?
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supination/pronation
inversion/eversion plantar flexion/dorsiflexion elevation/depression protraction/retraction (horizontal plane) thumb opposition/reposition radial/ulnar deviation (hand and digits) trunk flexion/extension/lateral flexion rotation of head and trunk |
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what is an open kinematic chain?example?
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distal segment of the chain is NOT FIXED to the earth or an immovable object, therefore the distal segment is free to move
tibia moves on the femur in kicking |
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what is a closed kinematic chain?example?
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distal segment of chain IS FIXED to the earth or an immovable object, therefore the proximal segment is free to move
femur moves on tibia in a squat |
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what are some characteristics of fibrous joints?
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bones joined by dense fibrous tissue, no joint cavity present, most are synarthrodial (immovable), some are amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable).
amount of movement is dependent upon the length of CT fibers connecting bones |
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what are 3 types of fibrous joints?
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suture
gomphosis syndesmosis |
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what are some characteristics of sutures (fibrous joints)?
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occur only between bones of skull
wavy bone edges interlock joint filled with very short CT fibers continuous with periosteum |
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what is the function of sutures?
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holds bones tightly together
allows bone throth duringyouth ossified later in life: "synostosis" |
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what are some characteristics of gomphosis (fibrous joints)?
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peg-in-socket fibrous joint
articulation of tooth into alveolar socket fibrous connection is short periodontal ligament (i.e. tooth) |
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what are some characteristics of syndesmosis (fibrous joints)?
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bones connected by a ligament
cord or band of fibrous tissue -long collagen fibers/amt of mvment depends on length of fibers |
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what are some characteristics of cartilaginous joints?
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bones connected by some form of cartilage
no joint activity depending on length of collagen fibers, joints may be synarthroidal (immovable) or amphiarthrodial (slightly moveable) |
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what are two types of cartilagenous joints?
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synchrondosis and symphysis
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what are cartilaginous joints (synchrondosis)? examples?
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bones connected by hyaline cartilage
(i.e. epiphyseal plate joining diaphysis to epiphysis, costosternal joint) |
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what are cartilaginous joints (symphysis)? examples?
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articular surfaces of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
cartilage is fused to shock-absorbing pad of fibrocartilage (i.e. intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis) |
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what are synovial joints?
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bones separated by a fluid-filled cavity connected by ligaments of dense CT. permits freedom of movement.
|
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what are the features of synovial joints?
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articular cartilage on ends of bones
articular capsule (fibrous capsule with inner synovial membrane) joint cavity (synovial cavity with small amt of synovial fluid) synovial fluid (produced by synovial membrane) reinforcing ligaments (outside of and blending into the capsule) |
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what are the components of synovial fluid?
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occupies all free space w/in a capsule and w/in cartilage
viscous fluid (lg amt of hyaluronic acid) reduces friction btwn cartilages nourishes articular cartilage |
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what are the 6 types of synovial joints?
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gliding
hinge pivot ball and socket saddle condyloid |
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what is a gliding joint?
examples? |
gliding motion along a flat articular surface (essentially flat). allow only slipping or gliding movements, non axial joints.
ex: facet joints of vertebrae, intercarpal/tarsal joints |
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what is a hinge joint?
examples? |
motion around an axis perpendicular to the long axis of a bone. convex surface of a bone fits into concave surface of another bone. motion in a single plane (uniaxial). permits flexion and extension ONLY.
ex: ulna and humerus at elbow joint, femur and tibia at knee joint, finger and toe joints |
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what is a pivot joint?
examples? |
motion around a single axis parallel to the long axis of a bone. one bone has a projection that fits into the ligamentous ring of another bone. projecting bone rotates on its longitudinal axis (uniaxial)
ex: atlantoaxial joint (axis and dens), and proximal radioulnar joint |
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what is a condyloid joint?
examples? |
motion around 2 axes (biaxial). oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary oval depression in another. permits all angular motions.
ex: radiocarpal joint (wrist), metacarpophalangeal joints |
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what is a saddle joint?
examples? |
motion around two axes (biaxial). articular surface of each bone is shaped like a saddle-concave in one direction, convex in another.
unique joint allows several motions of thumb (flexion/extension, ad/abduction, slight rotation, circumduction). ex: **only thumb. first carpometacarpal joint-allows for opposable thumbs |
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what is a ball and socket joint?
examples? |
motion around 3 axes (triaxial). a spherical or hemispherical head of one bone ("ball") fits into a cuplike depression ("socket") of anothe rbone. mulitaxial joint. permits freely moving synovial joints.
ex: head of humerus into glenoid cavity, head of femur into acetabulum. |
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how do skeletal muscles produce a given joint motion?
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work in groups rather than independently
|
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what do different shapes and fiber arrangements affect in skeletal muscle?
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a muscles ability to exert force and the range through which a muscle can effectively exert force onto a bone
|
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what does the cross section diameter of skeletal muscle effect?
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muscles's ability to exert force-greater cross section diatmeter= greater force exertion
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how do skeletal muscles have the ability to shorten?
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longer muscles can shorten through a greater range and are more effective in moving joints through large ROM
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what are the 5 types of fiber arrangements in skeletal muscles?
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parallel
fusiform circular convergent pennate |
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fiber arrangement for parallel muscles?
description? example? |
parallel to length of muscle
produce a greater ROM than smaller sized muscles w/ pennate arrangement sartorius |
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fiber arrangement for fusiform (spindle shaped) muscles?
description? example? |
parallel and with large cross section diameter
produce a greater ROM than smaller sized muscles w/ pennate arrangement biceps brachii |
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fiber arrangement for pennate (feather-like) muscles?
description? example? |
shorter fibers and arranged obliquely to their tendons in a manner similar to a feather.
arrangement increases the cross sectional area of the muscle, thereby increasing the power (tension) unipennate- extensor digitorum bipennate- rectus femoris mulitpennate- deltoid |
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fiber arrangement for convergent muscles?
description? example? |
broad origin, pointed insertion
direction of pull can be varied (versatile) pectoralis major |
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fiber arrangement for circular muscles?
description? example? |
concentric fibers adjust opening
sphincter orbicularis oris |
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what is strength?
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maximal force a muscle can generate for a single maximal effort. amount of tension a muscle produces
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what is power?
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work done over a given period of time (work/time). muscle contracting in a very brief amount of time
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what is torque?
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muscle force causing rotary movement of a body around an axis. a turning or twisting force
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what is contraction and how can it be used?
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tension developed in a muscle as a result of a stimulus
cause control or prevent joint movement to initiate/accelerate, or slow down/decelerate, movement of a body segment, and prevent movement of a body segment by external forces (isometric or isotonic) |
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what is isometric contraction?
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tension developed within a muscle w/o joint motion/static contractions
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when does isometric contraction occur? when is it used?
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when tension a muscle develops is the same as the force applied to that muscle. to stabilize joints.
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what is isotonic contraction?
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muscle contraction w/o appreciable change in the force of contraction/maintains tension under a constant load.
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when does isotonic contraction occur?
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tension is developed within a muscle for either initiating movement or controlling movement/dynamic contractions
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characteristics of isotonic contractions?
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concentric (shortening)
eccentric (lengthening) |
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what is concentric contraction?
when does it occur? |
muscle develops tension as it shortens. comes to the center.
occurs when a muscle develops enough tension to overcome the resistance being applied to it (used to initiate movement against gravity or resistance). |
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what is eccentric contraction? when is it used?
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muscle lengthens under tension/muscle tension is less than the resistance applied to it. results in controlled joint motion.
used to decelerate body segment movement |
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what is line of pull?
when can it change? what is it a function of? |
direction of movement produced by the contracting muscle. the pull of a muscle from its origin to insertion
may change during joint motion muscle's attachment plane of joint motion muscle's distance from the joint's axis of rotation |
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what can happen in an altered muscle's line of pull?
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muscle will be inefficient, work harder, and have more strain put upon it; leading to muscle weakness, hypertonicity or trigger points and to aberrant sensory input (may result in muscle imbalance and joint dysfunction)
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what is angle of pull? does it change?
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angle between the line of pull of the muscle and the bone on which it inserts. changes with every degree of joint motion
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what if the angle of pull is vertical? horizontal?
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vertical- always perpendicular to the lever (attachment) and causes rotational movement at the joint axis (90 degree pull= 100% rotational)
horizontal- always parallel to the lever (attachment) and causes non-rotational movement at the joint axis (45 degree pull-> rotational force=stabilizing force |
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what is reverse action of concentric muscle contractions?
what if neither bones are stabilized? examples? |
when a muscle contracts, it pulls both ends toward the center of the muscle.
muscle contraction pulls both bones toward each other open (biceps curl) and closed (chin-up) chain |
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what does ROM depend on? examples?
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length of muscle fibers. long fibers=large ROM (i.e. parallel and fusiform)
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what does power depend on? examples?
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total # of muscle fibers. many fibers= great power (i.e. convergent, unipennate, bipennate, multipennate)
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in muscle function, what is irritability (excitability)?
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property of muscle being sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli
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in muscle function, what is contractility?
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ability of muscle to contract and develop tension (internal force) against resistance when stimulated
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in muscle function, what is extensibility?
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ability of muscle to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length
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in muscle function, what is elasticity?
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ability of muscle to return to its original length following stretching
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how do joints affect muscle action?
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a muscle may cause more than one action either at the same joint or at a different joint depending on the characteristics of the joints
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ratio of muscle and nerve innervation?
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a muscle may be innervate by more than one nerve, and a nerve may innervate more than one muscle
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can muscles share a common tendon?
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yes, 2 or more may do so.
i.e. achilles tendon of gastro and soleus, 3 proximal attachments of triceps brachii. |
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what are prime movers (agonists)?
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muscles that assume the major responsibilities for producing specific movement
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what are antagonists?
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muscles that oppose or reverse the movement by a prime mover. also help regulate the action of the prime mover by partially contracting to provide some resistance or to slow or stop the action
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what is a synergist?
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a muscle which performs or assists the same joint as the agonist. can be more than one.
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what are stabilizers (fixator)?
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synergists that act to control motion of the prime mover. can:
immobilize origin of prime mover so can act more efficiently tends to be continuous low level muscle activity with either isometric or eccentric pull |
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what is a lever? function?
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a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point (bones of a skeleton)
convert force into torque (work of a contracting muscle to the force of a rotating bone) |
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what is a fulcrum?
what moves the system of bony levers? |
a fixed point of leverage (joints of the body)
internal and external forces-produce torque |
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what is effort?
what forces are involved w/ musculoskeletal levers? |
force applied to move a resistance (tension/torque of the muscles)
those produced by muscle, gravity and external physical contacts |
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what is load?
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the resistance to be moved (bone, tissue mass and objects to be moved)
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describe a mechanical advantage (power lever), and what is it good at lifting?
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load close to fulcrum, effort applied far from fulcrum, small effort over long distance.
heavy loads |
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describe a mechanical disadvantage (speed lever), and what is it good at lifting?
|
load far from fulcrum, effort near fulcrum, force exerted must be greater than force moved.
allow load to move rapidly |
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describe a first class lever.
example? |
fulcrum between effort and load. effort at one end of lever and load on other end w/ fulcrum in between.
atlanto-occipital joint lies between the posterior cervical muscles and the weight of the forehead and face |
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describe a second class lever.
example? |
load between fulcrum and effort. great strength, less speed and ROM. effort at one end, fulcrum on other end, load in between (rare in body, but mechanical advantage).
plantar flexion of foot |
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describe a third class lever.
example? |
effort between load and fulcrum (popular in body). great speed w/ mechanical disadvantage. allow rapid movement w/ little shortening of muscle (produce fast, large movements w/ little effort)
biceps muscle effort is applied to forearm between elbow joint and weight of hand and forearm |
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skeletal muscle-
surrounded by: contains: |
epimysium
muscle fascicles |
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muscle fascicle-
surrounded by: contains: |
perimysium
muscle fibers |
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muscle fiber-
surrounded by: contains: |
endomysium
myofibrils |
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myofibril-
surrounded by: contains: |
sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcomeres |
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sarcomere contains?
|
thick and thin filaments
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what are the 5 basic components of a neuromuscular junction?
|
motor neuron
motor end plate synaptic cleft synaptic vesicles neurotransmitters |
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what happens in muscle contraction?
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motor nerve impulses cause release of ACh from synaptic vesicles which bind to receptors on motor end plate and generate muscle contraction
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what happens in muscle relaxation?
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AChase breaks down ACh, motor neuron impulses stop, Ca moves back into SR, myosin and actin binding prevented
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what is a motor unit?
what happens when it fires? what systems does it connect? |
single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.
all muscle fibers contract together functional connection between the nervous system and muscular system |
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how many fibers can a neuron innervate?
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one neuron may innervate several muscle fibers, one muscle fiber may be innervated by several motor neurons
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what types of control will motor innervation cause?
|
fine control (extraocular muscles-20 fibers)
strength control (gastroc-1000 fibers) one muscle fiber may act w/ several motor units depending upon demand |
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what is a muscle twitch?
|
single brief stimulus to a muscle that produces a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation lasting less than 1/10 second (not strong enough to do any useful work)
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is single twitch suffice for normal activities?
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no, normal activities require more tension than is produced by single fiber twitch-they involve sustained muscle contraction of the whole muscle
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what is treppe?
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relaxation is complete before next stimulus occurs. each contraction is a little stronger than previous
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what is wave summation (temporal summation)?
|
if a 2nd stimulus is applied before relaxation is complete, the 2nd contraction is greater
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what are two types of tetanus?
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incomplete and complete
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what is tetanus?
|
w/ higher frequency of stimulation, muscle relaxation btwn contractions is reduced
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what is incomplete tetanus?
|
produces peak tension during rapidly alternating cycles of contraction and partial relaxation
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what is complete tetanus?
|
sustained maximal contraction at peak tension, typical of normal contraction
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what is twitch, and the three phases? with what frequency does twitch occur?
|
a single muscle contraction.
1) latent 2) contraction 3) relaxation occurs with low frequency stimuli (up to 10 stimuli/sec) each stimulus produces an identical twitch response |
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with what frequency does treppe occur?
|
moderate frequency stimuli (btwn 10-20 stimuli/sec). each subsequent contraction is stronger than the previous one until, after a few stimuli, all contractions are equal
|
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with what frequency does wave summation occur?
|
higher frequency stimulation (20-40 stimuli/sec). each stimulus arrives before the previous twitch is over.
increase frequency of stimulus=increase frequency of contraction |
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with what frequency does incomplete tetanus occur?
|
higher frequency stimulation (20-40 stimuli/sec-like wave summation)
sustained fluttering contractions and partially relaxed muscle fibers between contractions |
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with what frequency does complete tetanus occur?
|
maximum frequency stimulation (40-50 stimuli/sec)
no relaxation btwn contractions. twitches fuse into smooth prolonged contraction |
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what are the 3 functional classifications of neurons
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sensory
motor interneuron |
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what is a sensory neuron?
|
afferent neurons, transmit impulses from receptors to brain or spinal cord
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what is a motor neuron?
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efferent neurons, transmit impulses from brain or spinal cord to effector sites (i.e. muscles, glands or organs)
|
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what is an interneuron?
|
association neurons, transmit impulses from one neuron to another
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what are 3 types of nerve fibers? subgroups?
|
A-a, ß, gamma, ∆
B C |
|
How are "A" fibers described?
|
Aa (100ms)-fastest conducting, largest diameter, motor efferents, muscle spindle afferents
AB (50 ms)- touch and pressure afferents (mechanoreceptors) Agamma (20 ms)- motor efferent to muscle spindle Adelta (15 ms)- skin temperature and pain (noxious stimuli) |
|
How are "B" fibers described?
|
(7ms). myelinated, slower, sympathetic preganglion
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How are "C" fibers described?
|
(1ms) unmyelinated, slower conducting than A fibers and smallest diameter. pain (burning, aching), sympathetic postganglionic
|
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what are the 5 basic components of the spinal cord reflex arc?
|
1) sensory receptor- transmits a.p. stimulated by sensation
2) sensory neuron- transmits impulses to spinal cord 3) interneuron- connects or switches impulses to other neurons 4) motor neuron- transmits motor impulses 5) effector organ- responds with reflex contraction of muscle or gland |
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what is proprioception?
|
sense of position and movement of one's own limbs and body w/o using vision (somatosensory)
|
|
what does proprioception sense?
|
sense of body and limb position
sense of speed and direction of limb joint movement sense of muscle length and tension |
|
what are three types of mechanoreceptors that detect proprioception?
|
1) muscle spindle receptors
2) golgi tendon organs (GTO) 3) joint kinesthetic receptors |
|
where are muscle spindle receptors located?
|
fleshy part of muscle
|
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what do muscle spindles receptors consist of?
|
intrafusal muscle fibers which are modified muscle fibers enclosed in a capusle w/in extrafusal muscle fibers (voluntary skeletal muscle)
|
|
what are the end of intrafusal fibers and where do they attach?
|
contractile and extrafusal fibers
|
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what does the spindle detect?
|
the rate at which the muscle fibers are stretched and their length
|
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what will changes in the length of the muscle fibers in a muscle spindle help with?
|
aids in the coordination and efficiency of muscle contraction
|
|
what are the two types of intrafusal fibers?
|
nuclear bag and nuclear chain
|
|
where are nuclear bag fibers?
|
concentrated in the central "bag" part of the fiber
|
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where are the ends of nuclear bag fibers?
|
contractile fibers are attached to the extrafusal fibers
|
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what are the ends of fibers like in nuclear bag fibers?
|
striated and contractile
|
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where do the contractile ends of the nuclear bag fibers receive input from?
|
gamma motor neurons
|
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what are the nuclear bag fibers sensitive to?
|
sudden rate of change in muscle length (phasic)
|
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what are the ends of fibers like in nuclear chain fibers?
|
striated and contractile
|
|
how are nuclei spread in nuclear chain fibers?
|
"chain-like" fashion in the center of the fiber
|
|
where are the contractile fibers attached to in nuclear chain fibers?
|
the ends of nuclear chain fibers
|
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what are nuclear chain fibers sensitive to?
|
steady changes and length of muscle (tonic)
|
|
what wraps the central non-contractile region of the "bag" and "chain"?
|
sensory nerve endings that send input about length of the spindle to the CNS
|
|
what are two types of sensory nerve endings?
|
primary endings type Ia fiber
secondary endings type ll fiber |
|
what are primary endings type la fiber?
|
annulospiral sensory endings
larger diameter conduct impulses faster (100ms) respond to rate of change in the muscle fiber length |
|
what are secondary endings type ll fiber?
|
flower spray sensory endings
smaller diameter conduct impulses more slowly respond to overall length of the muscle fiber |
|
what are 2 responses to stretching?
|
monosynaptic spinal reflex and stretch response controlled by the cerebellum
|
|
what is the monosynaptic spinal reflex?
|
makes a rapid adjustment to prevent a fall
|
|
what is the stretch response controlled by the cerebellum?
|
regulated muscle tone (i.e. the steady force of a non-contracting muscle to resist stretching)
|
|
where are GTO's located?
|
encapsulated nerve endings located at the junction of tendon and muscle
|
|
what are the ends of GTO's like?
|
have numerous terminal branches associated with bundles of collagen fibers in the tendon
|
|
what does GTO detect?
|
force of muscle contraction
tension applied to the tendon prevents contracting muscle from applying excessive tension to tendons |
|
what muscle action does GTO produce?
|
sudden relaxation
|
|
what role does GTO play a role in?
|
muscle tone imbalance, muscle spasm, and tender points
|
|
what sensory neurons does increased tension stimulate from the GTO?
|
lb sensory neurons (GTO only sensitive to intense stretch)
|
|
in GTO, what happens when interneurons synapse with alpha motor neurons?
then what does the muscle do? |
inhibitory neurotransmitters are released
inhibits the alpha motor neurons which innervate extrafusal muscle to which the GTO is attached muscle relaxes and reduces tension applied to the tendons (protect tendon and muscle from damage) |
|
what are 2 responses of GTO's?
|
dynamic and static
|
|
what is a dynamic response of GTO?
|
sudden increase in muscle tension causes a decrease in muscle tone via involuntary muscular relaxation
|
|
what is a static response of GTO?
|
a sustained or gradual increase in muscle tension causes a decrease in muscle tone
|
|
where are joint kinesthetic receptors located?
how are they there? |
in and around synovial joint capsules
encapsulated and free nerve endings |
|
what do joint kinesthetic receptors detect?
|
direction of movement of the joint
acceleration/deceleration of joint pressure in joint excessive joint strain postural changes (along with input from skin receptors-Ruffini and Merkel's discs) |
|
what are three types of joint kinesthetic receptors?
|
pacinian corpuscles
ruffini corpuscles free nerve endings |
|
what are pacinian corpuscles?
|
located in CT and synovial joint capsules
respond to rapid pressure changes respond to stretch respond to acceleration and deceleration of joint movement |
|
what are ruffini corpuscles?
|
located in synovial capsules and ligaments
respond to deep rapid and sustained pressure especially responsive to lateral stretch detects changes in joint angles ligament receptors adjust muscle tone |
|
what are free nerve endings of joint kinesthetic receptors?
|
located in most body tissues (joint capsules, ligaments, tendons, fat pads, menisci and periosteum)
respond to rapid and sustained pressure |
|
what 3 reflexes do proprioceptors affect tone by?
(automatic response w/o conscious thought) |
quick stretch reflex
reciprocal inhibition autogenic inhibition |
|
what is quick stretch reflex?
|
reflex response from muscle spindles
|
|
what does quick stretch reflex produce?
|
contraction of the muscle being stretched
|
|
what are the functions of the quick stretch reflex?
|
monitors status of muscle activity
guards against potential injury respond to rapid and sustained pressure |
|
what are the characteristics of most joint surfaces of arthrokinematics?
|
convex and concave
|
|
what are the characteristics of the convex-concave relationship?
|
increases contact sufrace area of the joint
contributes to increased joint stability increases dissipation of contact forces helps guide motion between bones |
|
what are the 5 movements that occur between joint surfaces?
|
roll
slide spin distraction and longitudinal traction compression |
|
in arthrokinematics, what is 'roll'?
example? |
multiple points along one articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface.
roll occurs in direction of movement occurs on incongruent (unequal) surfaces usually occurs in combination with sliding or spinning tire rotating (rolling) across the pavement femoral condyles rolling on tibial plateau |
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in arthrokinematics, what is 'slide (glide)'?
example? |
a single point on one articular surface contacts multiple points on another articular surface
when a mobilization technique is applied to produce a slide in the joint it is referred to as a glide more congruent surfaces, more sliding stationary tire sliding on a stretch of icy pavement carpal bones sliding along their facet surfaces |
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in arthrokinematics, what is 'spin'?
example? |
single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface. rotates around a stationary longitudinal mechanical axis
spin does not occur by itself during normal joint motion spinning a top on a one spot on the floor head of radius at the humeroradial joint during pronation and supination |
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in arthrokinematics, what is 'distraction and longitudinal traction'?
example? |
joint surfaces are pulled apart. used to stretch a joint capsule and mobilize a joint
hip (femur and acetabulum) spine (vertebrae) |
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in arthrokinematics, what is 'compression'?
example? |
decrease in the space between two joint surfaces
adds stability to a joint normal response to muscle contraction femur to hip bone-compression pushes inwards (distraction pulls outwards, longitudinal traction pulls downwards) |
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what is the convex-on-concave and concave-on-convex rule?
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describes the relationship of rolling and sliding motion within a joint when one joint surface is convex and the other surface is concave
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what is convex-on-concave motion?
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when concave side of a joint is stabilized (anchored) the convex joint surface slides (glides) in the OPPOSITE direction as it rolls
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what is the concave-on-convex motion?
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when the convex side of a joint is stabilized (anchored) the concave joint surface slides (glides) in the SAME direction as it rolls
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5 aspects of the clinical significance of the convex-concave rule?
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basis for joint stabilization techniques
physiological movements (movement of bones done voluntarily) accessory movements joint play (done w/ response to outside force) end-feel (interpret joint play movements) |
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clinical significance of concave-convex rule?
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tx often combines facilitation of physiological mobilization (o.kin) and accessory movements (a.kin) to restore a particular joint movement
follow rule to restore normal joint play |
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what is the sequence of quick stretch reflex?
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stretching (via muscle contraction) stimulates the muscle spindle (intrafusal)
within the spinal cord the sensory neuron activates the alpha motor neuron (monosynaptic) the alpha motor neuron stimulates the muscle (extrafusal) to contract and resist the stretch |
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what is reciprocal inhibition?
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reflex response from muscle spindles
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what does reciprocal inhibition inhibit?
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inhibits muscle opposite the contracted muscle
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what is the function of reciprocal inhibition?
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induces inhibition (relaxation) of an antagonist so that the agonist can contract and cause joint movment
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what is the sequence of reciprocal inhibition?
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stretching (via muscle contraction) stimulates the muscle spindle (intrafusal)
within the spinal cord the sensory neuron activates and inhibitory interneuron which sends inhibitory signals to the antagonist of the muscle that was stretched the antagonist is inhibited (relaxed) to allow the agonist to contract and cause joint movement |
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what is autogenic inhibition?
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reflex response from GTO
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what is the autogenic inhibition response?
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an inhibitory response to a muscle that develops too much tension either via shortening or lengthening
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what are the functions of autogenic inhibition?
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guards against potential injury to a muscles' fibers
muscle relaxation reduces tension applied to the muscle and tendons and protects them from damage |
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what is the sequence of autogenic inhibition?
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stretching the tendon (via muscle contraction or passive stretch) increases the tension in the tendon and activates the afferent GTO (lb)
the GTO neurons synapse in the spinal cord with inhibitory interneurons the interneuron inhibits the contracting muscle (agonist) and activates the antagonist the contracting muscle relaxes and the antagonist contracts |