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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three roles of DNA? |
Storing information, Copying information, and Transmitting information |
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What is DNA composed of? |
Nucleotides |
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What are Nucleotides composed of? |
a deoxyribose sugar, and phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
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What are the four Nitrogenous bases? |
Adenine, Guanine, Cytezine, and Thymine |
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What bases join? |
Adenine and Guanine (A+G) and Cytezine and Thymine (C+T) |
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Who used X-rays to show DNA was twisted into a helix shape but later died of radiation exposure? |
Rosalind Franklin |
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Who is Rosalind Franklin? |
A woman who used X-rays to show DNA was twisted into a helix shape but later died of radiation exposure. |
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Who used Franklin's work to show DNA was a double helix and won a nobel prize? |
James Watson and Francis Crick |
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What did Watson and Crick do? |
Watson and Crick used Franklin's work to show DNA was a double helix and won a nobel prize. |
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Describe the Double Helix... (hint- the strands and how the nitrogenous bases join) |
DNA consists of two strands twisted around each other and Nitrogenous bases joined by hydrogen bonds are in the center of the helix. |
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What is Replication? |
Replication is the process by which DNA is duplicated. |
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What are the steps of replication? |
1. DNA "unzips" in the nucleus 2. A new strand forms by adding base pairs to the "parent strand" of DNA |
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Would two DNA strands produced by Replication be identical? |
Yes. (unless mutated.) |
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What are Enzymes? |
Enzymes are a substance that are used to help DNA Replication and are used to "unzip" DNA and begin replication. |
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What does DNA Polymerase do? |
DNA Polymerase joins individual nucleotides to prodeuce a new DNA strand and proofreads DNA strand. |
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What is RNA? |
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is a nucleic acid that provides proteins from DNA's genetic code. |
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What is the different about RNA? (compared to DNA) |
Ribose (not deoxyribose) Single stranded (not double stranded) Contains Uracil (not Thymine) |
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What does Messenger RNA do? (mRNA) |
It carries information from DNA to other parts of the cell. |
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What does transfer RNA do? (tRNA) |
It transfers amino acids to the ribosomes to build proteins. |
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What does Ribosomal RNA do? (rRNA) |
It composes Ribosomes. |
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What is Transcription? |
Transcription is the production of RNA molocules using segments of DNA. |
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What is the Process pf Transcription? |
1. DNA strands separate in nucleus. 2. Once strand of DNA used as a template for RNA strand. 3. Uracil (U) pairs with A instead of T 4. MEssenger RNA (mRNA) strand leaves nucleus. |
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What is RNA code for? |
Making proteins |
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What is a codon? |
A three letter series in mRNA. |
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What are Codons code for? |
Amino Acids |
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What is the start codon? |
AUG |
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What is Translation? |
Translation is the process that decodes an mRNA message into a protein by using ribosomes and tRNA molocules |
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What are the steps in the process of translation? |
1. mRNA strand attaches to ribosome 2. tRNA anticodon binds to "start" codon (AUG) on RNA 3. Another tRNA binds to mRNA strand 4. Amino Acid on 1st tRNA transferred to second tRNA forming a protein chain 5. Process continued until "stop" codon is reached |
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What are Mutations? |
Changes in genetic information (in a single gene or whole chromosomes) |
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What are Point Mutations? |
changes in one or a few nucleotides |
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What are the three point mutations? |
Substitutions, Insertions, and Deletions |
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What are Substitutions, Delections, and Insertions, also called? |
Frameshift mutations |
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What is a mutagen? |
Chemical or physical agents that cause mutations (pesticide, tobacco smoke, radiation) |
