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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
bacterial DNA replication
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DNA attached to plasma membrane
DNA replication begins at replication origin enzymes replicate DNA |
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Eukaryotic DNA vs. bacterial DNA
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linear vs. circular
eukar. is much longer |
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chromatin
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DNA and protein
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nucleosome
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DNA and 8 histone proteins
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heterochromatin
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condensed tightly and never expressed, never uncoils for transcription
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euchromatin
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open (able to be expressed) except during cell division
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G1
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primary growth phase, doubles in size, organelles and cytoplasm double
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S phase
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DNA replicates
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G@
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secondary growth phase
special structures needed for cell division form -chromosomes begin coiling (condensing) -spindle fibers attach to kinetochore proteins near centromeme region of chromosome |
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Mitosis
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cell division
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cytokinesis
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cell actually pinches in two
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feedback regulation at 3 checkpoints
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G1, G2, metaphase
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CdKs
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protein kinase that activates numerous cell proteins by phosphorylating them, molecular regulation of cell cycle
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cyclin
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proteins that bind to CdKs proteins, activating them
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sexual reproduction
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union of gametes (fertilization or syngamy)
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Meiosis characteristics only
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-two division instead of one
-synapsis or crossing over (prophase) -reduction division |
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prophase I
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-chromosomes condense, nucleus and nucleoli disappear
-synapsis or crossing over occurs between chromatids of adjacent homologous chromosomes |
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metaphase I
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homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at the equatior (random assortment)
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anaphase I
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homologous pairs of chromosomes pull apart, reduction division occurs
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telophase I
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new cell has half the amount of chromosomes as the original parent and each chromosomes is different due to crossing over
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meiosis II
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exactly like mitosis, but with haploid cells
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law of segregation
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during gamete formation, alleles separate. one allele (of the pair) goes to each gamete
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law of independent assortment
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which allele goes to which gamete is a random event
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principle of dominance
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a dominant trait masks the appearance of a recessive one
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test cross
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if you have a dominant phenotype and want to determine the original genotype, always use the homozygous recessive to test it
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product law
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the chance that a number of independent events will occur together is equal to the product of the chances that each individual event will occur separately
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epistasis
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one gene, in homozygous recessive form, blocks the expression of the dominant gene
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polygenic
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two or more genes contribute to the phenotype in an additive way, aka continuous variation (skin pigmentation, human height)
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pleiotropy
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one allele can cause more than one phenotype effect.
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incomplete dominane
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genotype and phenotype ratios are always the same because the heterozygote genotypes results in phenotypes between the dominant and recessive traits
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multiple alleles
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more than 2 alleles (forms a gene takes) exist in a population
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autosomes
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body chromosomes or somatic chromosomes, humans have 22 pairs
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karyotype
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a map of homologous pairs of chromosomes
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nondisjunction
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homologous pairs of chromosomes do not separate properly
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monosomics
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loss of an autosome
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trisomic
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extra autosome
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