Biology Unit 3 Test.

Front 1

Asexual Reproduction

Back 1

Gives identical offspring
No variation
uses 1parent
common in bacteria

Front 2

Asexual Reproduction Advantages and disadvantages

Back 2

Advantages- easy
Disadvantages- No new combinations of traits

Front 3

Sexual Reproduction

Back 3

involves 2 parents
common in animals and plants
cells divide by meiosis to make gametes

Front 4

Meiosis

Back 4

Chromosomes are paired
chromosomes carry genes
n+n=2n

Front 5

Meiosis does 2 things

Back 5

1. takes one cell with two copies of every chromosome and makes two cells with one copy of every chromosome
2. scrambles the specific forms of each gene that each gamete (egg or sperm) receives

Front 6

Meiosis 1

Back 6

DNA replicated
homologous chromosomes pair
number of chromosomes halved
scrambles chromosomes into new combinations
two cells produced

Front 7

Meiosis 2

Back 7

no DNA replication
separates chromatids from replicated chromosomes
each cell divides
produces 4 gametes

Front 8

In metaphase 1 genetic diversity is increased by

Back 8

independent assortment
crossing over

Front 9

Independent assortment

Back 9

traits separate independently of each other during meiosis ( flower color and Pea color are not linked)

Front 10

Crossing over

Back 10

describes how non sister chromatids exchange pieces of DNA to make new combinations
multiplies the already huge number of different gamete types produced by independent assortment

Front 11

Heredity

Back 11

transmission of traits from parent to offspring

Front 12

True Breeding

Back 12

parent strains always produced the chosen trait

Front 13

Cross pollination

Back 13

fertilization between two different plants

Front 14

Mendels laws

Back 14

law of segregation
particulate inheritance
independent assortment

Front 15

particulate inheritance

Back 15

traits passed to offspring in discrete particles( white + purple equals purple)

Front 16

law of segregation

Back 16

get one allele from each parent meiosis
dominant allele can mask the alternate form
recessive allele can be hidden by dominant form but reappear if two recessive alleles pair

Front 17

genotype

Back 17

genetic makeup of an organism

Front 18

phenotype

Back 18

physical appearance of a gene

Front 19

homozygous

Back 19

alleles same (TT or tt)

Front 20

heterozygous

Back 20

alleles different (Tt)

Front 21

sex chromosomes

Back 21

special chromosomes that determine sex

Front 22

autosomes

Back 22

non sex chromosomes

Front 23

oogenesis

Back 23

egg formation by meiosis

Front 24

incomplete dominance

Back 24

trait in offspring is intermediate between parents (red+white=pink)

Front 25

codominance

Back 25

both phenotypes are expressed
Red Cow plus white blue equals roan cow (red and white spotted)

Front 26

polygenic effects

Back 26

one trait acted on by several genes
example/ height skin color eye color

Front 27

blood types

Back 27

O, A, B, AB

Front 28

sex linked

Back 28

genes found on only X or Y chromosome

Front 29

color blindness

Back 29

caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome

Front 30

hemophilia

Back 30

blood does not clot normally

Front 31

pedigrees

Back 31

genetic history of a family over several generations
chart for determining inheritance patterns

Front 32

sex linked

Back 32

only males are affected

Front 33

autosomal

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50 percent male and 50 percent female affected

Front 34

Females and males in pedigree

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circles and males are square

Front 35

affected

Back 35

filled square or circle

Front 36

dominant in pedigree

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if parent and children have the disease

Front 37

recessive in pedigree

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offspring shows a disease that parents do not show

Front 38

sickle cell anemia

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autosomal recessive
red blood cells or malformed and are unable to carry oxygen

Front 39

Huntington's disease

Back 39

nervous system and muscles deteriorate

Front 40

karyotype

Back 40

pictures of chromosomes from an organism cells

Front 41

aneuploidy

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call is by nondisjunction
too many or too few of a chromosome

Front 42

nondisjunction

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chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis

Front 43

Down syndrome

Back 43

flattened facial features
mental impairment
caused by 3 copies of chromosome 21

Front 44

Klinefelter syndrome

Back 44

overweight and tall
small testes
more estrogen
XXY

Front 45

trisomy X syndrome

Back 45

xxx
normal female
furtile
slight mental disability

Front 46

Turner syndrome

Back 46

XO
short
nonfunctional ovaries