Biology Unit 3

Front 1

Who was the founder of paleontology (the study of fossils)?

Back 1

Georges Cuvier.

Front 2

Who was Lamark? What did he mean by "inheritance of acquired characteristics"?

Back 2

He hypothesized that evolution occurs and that adaption to the environment is the cause of diversity.

The use and disuse of a structure can bring about inherited change.

Front 3

What did Darwin base his theory of evolution on?

Back 3

His study of geology, fossils, and biogeography.

Front 4

What is the mechanism for evolution?

Back 4

Natural selection.

Front 5

What did Malthus state?

Back 5

He proposed that death and famine are inevitable, because the human population tends to increase faster than the supply of food.

Front 6

Define fitness.

Back 6

The reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population.

Front 7

What is convergent evolution?

Back 7

Similar traits in distantly related lines of descent.

Front 8

Define biogeography.

Back 8

Study of life from different places.

Front 9

Know the difference between vestigial, homologous, and analogous structures.

Back 9

Vestigial: features that are fully developed in one group of organisms, but nonfunctional in other similar groups.

Homologous: Similar structures by inheritance from a common ancestor.

Analogous: Same function but not constructed similarly. (no common ancestor)

Front 10

What is the Hox gene?

Back 10

Shared in animals ranging from worms to humans.

Front 11

What is a polygenic trait?

Back 11

They are controlled by more than one pair of alleles located at different gene loci.

Front 12

Know the differences between directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection.

Back 12

Directional: Extreme phenotype is favored and the distribution curve shifts in that direction.

Stabilizing: Intermediate phenotype is favored.

Disruptive: Two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over any intermediate phenotype.

Front 13

What is the heterozygote advantage?

Back 13

Only alleles that are expressed are subject to natural selection. In diploid organisms heterozygotes protect the recessive alleles that might otherwise be weeded out.

Front 14

What is the difference between micro and macro evolution?

Back 14

Micro-Small scale

Macro-Large scale

Front 15

Define gene pool.

Back 15

Various alleles at all the gene loci in all individuals.

Front 16

What are the conditions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle? What is the result of any of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions are not met?

Back 16

1. No mutating

2. No gene flow-migration

3. Random mating

4. No genetic drift-All by chance

5. No selection.

Evolution could occur.

Front 17

What is the difference between bottleneck effect and the founder effect?

Back 17

Bottleneck: Species suffers a near extinction and only a few survivors go on to produce the next generation.

Founder: Rare alleles occur at a higher frequency in a population isolated from the general population.

Front 18

What conditions must be met for organisms to be classified as the same species?

Back 18

1. Same breed

2. Gene Pool

3. Isolated from other species.

Front 19

Know the postzygotic and prezygotic examples.

Back 19

Post- After formation

Pre- Before formation.

Front 20

What is the difference between sympatric and allopatric speciation?

Back 20

Sympatric- No geographical barrier (plants).

Allopatric- Speciation model based on geographic barrier (mammals).

Front 21

Fossils

Back 21

Traces and remains of past life.

Front 22

Mass extinction

Back 22

Disappearance of a large number of species within a relatively short period of time.

Front 23

Phylogenetic tree

Back 23

How closely organisms are related.

Front 24

Viruses

Back 24

Enigma- something that exists, but doesn't exist.

Front 25

Bacteriophage

Back 25

Phage-virus that reproduces in a bacterium.

Front 26

Order of Lytic cycle

Back 26

1. Attachment

2. Penetration

3. Biosynthesis

4. Maturation

5. Release

Front 27

Herpesvirus

Back 27

Animal virus

Front 28

Retrovirus

Back 28

RNA animal virus that have a DNA stage.

Front 29

What is a prion? Diseases caused by prions?

Back 29

Prions interact with regular proteins, causing them to change shape.

Disease caused by prions- scrapie, mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Front 30

Two domains classified as prokaryotes-

Back 30

Bacteria and Archaea

Front 31

Different shapes of bacteria

Back 31

Rods, spheres, and spirals.

Front 32

What strengthens the outer wall of bacteria?

Back 32

Peptidoglycan

Front 33

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

Back 33

Asexual reproduction (clone itself). Binary fission.

Front 34

What is an endospore?

Back 34

Protective coating that covers bacteria. Dehydrates to mummify.

Front 35

What is a sapotroph?

Back 35

Chemoheterotrophic bacteria. An organism that feeds on decaying organic matter.

Front 36

Different symbiotic relationships.

Back 36

1. Mutualism- Both partners benefit.

2. Commensalistic- one partner benefits and the other is not harmed.

3. Parasitic- One partner benefits the other is harmed.

Front 37

What is bioremediation? Examples.

Back 37

Ability of bacteria to break down pollutants exploited (oil spills).

Front 38

What classifies organisms into the domain of Archaea?

Back 38

Extreme environments (hot springs, thermal vents, salt basins).

Front 39

What is the difference between Halophile and thermoacidophile?

Back 39

Halophile- Salt loving (dead sea).

Thermoacidophile- Healt/Acid loving.

Front 40

What characteristics to protists have?

Back 40

Difficult to classify due to diversity.

Big, small, cellular, multicellular, sexually reproduce, asexually reproduce, photosynthesize.

Front 41

How do ciliate protozoan move?

Back 41

Ciliates move by cilia paramecium.

Front 42

How do amoeboids move?

Back 42

They move using psuedopods.

Front 43

What are slime molds and water molds classified as?

Back 43

Protists.

NOT MOLDS.