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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Autotroph
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Organism that can capture energy and use it to produce its own food.
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Heterotroph
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Organism that obtains energy from the foods it eats. Also known as a consumer
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ATP
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Chemical living things use to store and release energy.
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Photosynthesis
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process in which plants and some other organisms use light and energy to convert water & carbon dioxide into oxygen and high energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches.
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Pigment
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Light-absorbing molecule
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Chlorophyll
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principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organism; captures light energy.
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Thylakoid
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sack like photosynthetic membrane found in chloroplasts.
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Stroma
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region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts.
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Light Dependent Reactions
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reactions of photsynthesis that uses energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
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Calvin Cycle
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reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as energy.
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Chloroplast
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Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.
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Calorie
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Terms used by scientists to measure the energy stored in foods.
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Glycolysis
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first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
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Cellular respiration
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process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.
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NAD+
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electron carrier involved in glycolysis.
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Fermentation
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process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
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Anaerobic
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process that doesn't require oxygen.
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Aerobic
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process that requires oxygen
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Krebs cycle
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Seconds stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions.
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Electron Transport Chain
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A series of proteins in which the high-energy electrons from the krebs cycle are used to convert ADP into ATP
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Cell Division
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process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells.
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Mitosis
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part of eukaryotic cells division during which the cell nucleus divides.
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Cytokinesis
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The divisions of cytoplasm during the cell division.
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Chromatid
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one of 2 identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome
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Centromere
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area of 2 identical "sister" parts of duplicated chromosome.
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Interphase
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period of the cell cycle between cell divisions.
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Cell cycle
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Series of events that cells go through as they grow & divide.
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Prophase
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first & longest phases of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible, centrioles separate & take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus.
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Centriole
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One of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nucleus envelope.
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Spindel
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Fanlike microtubule structure that helps seperate the chromosomes (P.247)
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Metaphase
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second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
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Anaphase
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The third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate & move toward opposite poles. (P. 248)
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Telophase
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Fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material (p.248)
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Cyclin
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one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. (P. 251)
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Cancer
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disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth.
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Genetics
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scientific study of heredity (p. 263)
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Fertilization
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process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell (p. 263)
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True-Breeding
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Term used to describe organism that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate (pg. 263)
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Trait
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Specific characteristics that varies from one individual to another.
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Hybrid
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Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits - Pg. 264
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Gene
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sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait (p. 265, 300)
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Allele
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One of a number of different forms of a gene. (p. 265)
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Gamete
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specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction (p. 266)
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Segregation
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separation of alleles during gamete formation (pg. 266)
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Probability
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likely hood that a particular even will occur (p. 267)
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Punnett Square
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Diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
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Homozygous
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Term used to refer to an organism that has 2 identical allels for a particular trait
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Heterozygous
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Term used to refer to an organism that has 2 different alleles for the same trait
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Phenotype
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physical characteristics of an organism
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Genotype
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genetic makeup of an organism
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independent assortment
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independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes
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Incomplete dominance
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situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another
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codominance
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situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of an organism
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multiple alleles
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three or more alleles of the same gene
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Polygenic traits
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trait controlled by 2 or more genes.
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Homologous
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term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosomes from the opposite-sex parent
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diploid
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term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes
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Haploid
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term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes
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meiosis
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process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cells
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tetrad
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structure containing 4 chromatids that form during meiosis
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crossing-over
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process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.
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