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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell Theory
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Smallest unit of life
All living things consist of cells All cells come from pre-existing cells by division |
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Characteristics of Life
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1.Have cells
2.Have genetic material (DNA or RNA) 3.Metabolism (anabolism and catabolism) 4.Reproduce 5.Grow 6.Maintain homeostasis |
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Functions of Life
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Nutrition
Metabolism Growth Sensitivity Homeostasis Reproduction |
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Relative sizes
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SI Units: metres (m), millimetres (mm), micrometres (µm), nanometres (nm)
*1,000 times smaller |
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Examples of Sizes
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DNA molecule in human chromosome - 2nm
Cell membrane - 10nm Virus (large) - 100 nm Prokaryotic cells - 1 – 10µm Animal cells - 10 - 30 µm Plant cells - 10 - 100 µm |
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Metabolism
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organic processes necessary for life
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Homeostasis
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metabolic equilibrium
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Field of view
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area w/in circle of light
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Object Magnification
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number indicates how much the microscope magnified in comparison
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Surface area to Volume Ratio
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Rate of metabolic reactions proportional to cell volume
Substances must be absorbed, waste products removed through plasma membrane Too small -substances not enter quickly as req’d, waste prots accumulate -overheat – heats faster than cools |
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Multicellular organisms
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organisms with more than one cell and having specialized cells for different functions
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Differentiation (definition)
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development of cells in different ways to perform functions
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Differentiation (explanation)
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Genes expressed; information used to make protein/gene product
i.e. olfactory receptor cells: each cell express one of genes – one type of receptor to detect one type of odorant |
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Stem Cells
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cells that have the capacity to self-renew by cell division and differentiate
Regenerate and repair for bone marrow, skin, liver Limited repair for brain, kidney, heart |
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Therapeutic uses of stem cells
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Juvenile-onset diabetes – embryonic stem cells to insulin-secreting cells
Bone marrow transplants – hematopoietic stem cells (HS cells) -Divide continuously to produce red and white cells -Treat blood disorders (acute leukemia, SCID, lymphoma, multiple myeloma) |
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Therapeutic uses of stem cells, lymphoma treatment
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1. Cells removed from bone marrow
2. Chemotherapy drugs to kill cancer and normal cells in bone marrow . HS cells transplanted back to healthy production of blood cells |
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Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Cell Wall
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-Protective outer layer
-Peptidoglycan -Prevents damage, bursting, maintains shape |
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Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Plasma membrane
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Partially permeable
Controls entry and exit of substances, active transport Produces ATP by ACR |
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Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Mesosome
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Increases area of membrane for ATP production
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Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Cytoplasm
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Fluid; water with substances, enzymes, ribosomes
Catalyze metabolic reactions |
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Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Ribosomes
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Small granular structres (70S)
Synthesize proteins (translate mRNA) |
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Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Naked DNA
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1 molecule of DNA
Stores genetic information, passed to daughter cells |
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Parts of Prokaryotic Cell - Nucleoid
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Region of cytoplasm containing genetic material
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Prokaryotic cells
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Unicellular organism without nuclei
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Eukaryotic cells - Nucleus (Form)
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Large, centrally located
Enclosed by nuclear envelope with pores Contains chromosomes (46 in a cell) Contains DNA and RNA Where DNA replicated and transcribed -where mRNA modified |
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Eukaryotic cells - Chromatin
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Threadlike network in nucleus
Made up of DNA and proteins Indistinct in non-dividing cell Named b/c take up appropriate stains (coloured) |
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Eukaryotic cells - Chromosomes
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Rod-like structures of DNA and proteins
Condensed chromatin Makes up genetic code |
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Eukaryotic cells - Nucleus (Function)
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Control center
Oversees metabolic functioning Protein synthesis Cellular respiration Transcription and replication |
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Eukaryotic cells - Nucleolus (Form)
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1 or more present in nucleus
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Eukaryotic cells - Nucleolus (Function)
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Produces rRNA for ribosome formation
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Eukaryotic cells - Membranous Canals and Vacuoles
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Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes
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Eukaryotic cells - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Form)
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Series of channels connected to nuclear envelope, branches to cytoplasm
Ribosomes present |
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Eukaryotic cells - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Function)
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Serves as assembly line
Produces proteins for export Proteins from ER to Golgi apparatus |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Form)
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Contains enzymes that synthesize lipids
No ribosomes attached |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Function)
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Detoxification in liver cells
Lipid and steroid production |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Peroxisomes
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Organelle, oxidation of molecules, metabolic reactions
Membrane bound vacuoles Attached to smooth ER |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Ribosomes(Form)
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•Small dense granules
•Contain 2 subunits •Contain RNA and proteins •Attached to rough ER |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Ribosomes(Function)
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Protein synthesis
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Eukaryotic Cells - rRNA
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•Produced in nucleolus
•Protein synthesis |
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Protein for export
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1.Prepared at ribosomes
2.Stored in reticulum 3.Vesicles of reticulum bud off to Golgi apparatus 4. Repackaged for export |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Golgi Apparatus (Form)
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•Curved cisternae (flattened membrane sacs)
•No ribosomes •Many vesicles |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Golgi Apparatus (Function)
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•Processes proteins in rER vesicles
•Packaging and secretion into vesicles •Vesicles pinch off cisternae to plasma membrane for secretion |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Lysosome (Form)
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Membrane covered vesicle
Formed from Golgi vesicles Contain digestive enzymes |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Lysosome (Function)
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•Intracellular digestion
•Attach to food vacuoles, digest contents |
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Autodigestion (lysosome function)
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Disposal of damaged cell components
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Eukaryotic Cells - Mitochondria (Form)
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-Double membrane
-Inner: Cristae (shelf-like projections -increase surface area to carry out ACR efficiently •Fluid matrix (includes enzymes) |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Mitochondria (Function)
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•Produces ATP molecules (adenosine triphosphate) by ACR
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Eukaryotic Cells - Plastids
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•Only in plant cells
•Contain pigments - colour Chromoplasts, Leucoplasts, Chloroplasts |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Chromoplasts
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•Contain pigments (orange/yellow) for fall
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Eukaryotic Cells - Leucoplasts
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Starch storage
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Eukaryotic Cells - Chloroplasts (Form)
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•Contain chlorophyll (chemical molecule, absorbs sun energy for photosynthesis)
Contain grana, thylakoids, stroma |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Chloroplasts (Form) of Grana & Thylakoids
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internal layers of membranes in coin-like stacks; green pigment
Thylakoids: individual sacks of granum |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Chloroplasts (Form)of Stroma
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Inner portion of chloroplast
Spaces between grana |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Chloroplast (Function)
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Photosynthesis (prod'n of food molecules)
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Eukaryotic Cells - Cytoskeleton (Form)
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•Filamentous protein structures
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Eukaryotic Cells - Cytoskeleton (Function)
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•Maintains cell shape
•Anchors organelles |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Microtrabecular lattice
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Microfilaments & Microtubules
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Eukaryotic Cells - Microfilaments (Form)
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•Long, thin, solid fibres of protein
•Bundles, groupings •Chemical composition: similar to actin/myosin (proteins for muscle contraction) |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Microfilaments (Function)
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Skeletal framework
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Eukaryotic Cells - Microtubules (Form)
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•Larger than microfilaments
•Thin cylinder-shaped coiled protein •In cilia, flagella, centrioles |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Microtubules (Function)
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Locomotion organelles
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Eukaryotic Cells - Centrioles (Form)
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•Short cylinder shaped
•9 + 0 pattern of microtubule triplets •2 centrioles on either side of nucleus •Animal cells |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Centrioles (Function)
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•Formation of spindle apparatus during cell division
•Gives rise to basal bodies |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Chloroplast (Function)
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Photosynthesis (prod'n of food molecules)
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Eukaryotic Cells - Cytoskeleton (Form)
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•Filamentous protein structures
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Eukaryotic Cells - Cytoskeleton (Function)
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•Maintains cell shape
•Anchors organelles |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Microtrabecular lattice
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Microfilaments & Microtubules
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Eukaryotic Cells - Microfilaments (Form)
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•Long, thin, solid fibres of protein
•Bundles, groupings •Chemical composition: similar to actin/myosin (proteins for muscle contraction) |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Microfilaments (Function)
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Skeletal framework
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Eukaryotic Cells - Microtubules (Form)
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•Larger than microfilaments
•Thin cylinder-shaped coiled protein •In cilia, flagella, centrioles |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Microtubules (Function)
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Locomotion organelles
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Eukaryotic Cells - Centrioles (Form)
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•Short cylinder shaped
•9 + 0 pattern of microtubule triplets •2 centrioles on either side of nucleus •Animal cells |
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Eukaryotic Cells - Centrioles (Function)
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•Formation of spindle apparatus during cell division
•Gives rise to basal bodies |
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9+2 pattern (shaft)
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9 microtubule doublets arranged in circle around 2 central microtubules
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Eukaryotic cells - Cilia (Form)
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Short, hair-like projections out of cell wall
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Eukaryotic cells - Cilia (Function)
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Cell locomotion
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Eukaryotic cells - Flagella(Form)
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Long, whip-like tails protruding out of cell wall
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Eukaryotic cells - Flagella(Function)
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Cell locomotion
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Eukaryotic cells - Basal Bodies (Form)
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•Short cylinders
•Circular arrangement of 9 microtubule triplets (9 + 0 microtubule pattern) |
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Eukaryotic cells - Basal Bodies (Function)
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•Acts as anchor
•W/in cytoplasm, bases of cilia/flagella |
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Eukaryotic cells - Vacuoles(Form)
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•Large membrane covered sac
•Plant: filled w/ water •Animal: filled w/food, water, chemicals, metabolic wastes •Larger in plant cells |
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Eukaryotic cells - Vacuoles(Function)
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Allow rigidity of cell (plant)
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Eukaryotic cells - Vesicles (Form)
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•Small vacuole
•Formed from Golgi apparatus •Pinch off of cell membrane |
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Eukaryotic cells - Vesicles (Function)
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•Transport substances within cytoplasm
•Move certain compounds separated from cytoplasm |
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Eukaryotic cells - Cytoplasm(Form)
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Gel-like substance b/w cell membrane and nuclear envelope
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Eukaryotic cells - Cytoplasm(Function)
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•Holds organelles in place
•Maintains cell shape |
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Eukaryotic cells - Cell Membrane
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Semi permeable
Allows some substances to enter |
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Eukaryotic cells - Cell Wall (Form)
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•Plant cells, bacteria
•Cellulose (fibrous) •Primary cell wall, middle lamella, secondary cell wall •Rigid but porous |
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Eukaryotic cells - Cell Wall (Function)
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Maintain rigidity
Protects cell |
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Phospholipid structure
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Two hydrocarbon tails (hydrophobic)
Phosphate head (hydrophilic) |
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Phospholipid bilayer
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Basis of membranes of cells
Phospholipids mixed in water -> heads outwards, tails inwards Stable - many internolecular interaction (bonds btn heads and water, tails and tails) |
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Functions of membrane proteins
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Hormone hindig sites
Immobilized enzymes Cell adhesion Cell to cell communication Channels for passive transport Pumps for active transport |
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Hormone binding sites
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Hormone receptors
i.e. insulin receptor |
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Immobilized enzymes
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active site outside
i.e. small intestine |
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Cell adhesion
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tight junctions btn groups of cells in tissues, organs
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Cell-to-cell communication
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i.e. reeptors for neurotransmitters at synapses
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Channels for passive transport
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Allow hydrophilic particles to pass by facilitated diffusion
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Pumps for active transport
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ATP to move particles across membrane
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