Biology Topic 2 Hurst

Front 1

Similar cells are organised into ____. Which are organised into ____. Which are organised into ___ ____.

Back 1

Tissues, organs, organ systems

Front 2

What is an example of a biological catalyst?

Back 2

Enzymes

Front 3

What model shows the reaction of an enzyme

Back 3

The lock and key model

Front 4

What two conditions do enzymes need to be to work efficiently:

Back 4

1. Right temperature

2. Right pH

Front 5

What does the peak of a rate of reaction/ pH graph show?

Back 5

The optimum pH

Front 6

What happens to enzymes if they are put in the wrong conditions?

Back 6

They become denatured and therefore the key no longer fits

Front 7

RoR formula =

Back 7

1000/time? (Revision guide says it I have no idea)

Front 8

What is the enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates and what do they break them down into?

Back 8

Carbohydrases (or amalyse as an example) and they are broken down simple sugars

Front 9

Where is amalyse produced(3)?

Back 9

1. Salivary glands

2. Pancreas

3. Small intestine

Front 10

What enzyme breaks down proteins and what does it break them down into?

Back 10

Proteases (example pepsin) breaks them down into amino acids

Front 11

Where is proteases produced(3)?

Back 11

1. Stomach(called pepsin here)

2. Pancreas

3. Small intestine

Front 12

What enzyme converts lipids into ______ and ____ _____?

Back 12

Lipases- glycerol and fatty acids

Front 13

Where are lipases created?

Back 13

1. Pancreas

2. Small intestine

Front 14

Where is bile produced and stored? What are its functions(2)?

Back 14

Produced in liver, stored in gall bladder.

1. Bile neutralises the hydrochloric acid in stomach to allow enzymes to work.

2. Emulsifies fat, turns it into tiny droplets.

Front 15

What are the 9 parts of the digestive system and what do they do?

Back 15

1. Salivary glands: produce amalyse

2. Gullet / oesophagus

3. Stomach: produces pepsin, produced hydrochloric acid

4. Liver: produces bile to neutralise HCL

5. Gall bladder: bile is stored before released into small intestine

6. Pancreas : produces all three types of enzyme

7. Large intestine: excess water is absorbed from food

8. Small intestine: Produces all three types of enzyme, where digested food is absorbed

9. Rectum: where faeces are stored before they leave through anus

Front 16

What is used to test for:

1. Sugar

2. Starch

3. Protein

4. Lipids

Back 16

1. Benedict's solution, go from blue to brick red

2. Iodine solution, go from browny orange to black/blue black

3. Biuret test, go from blue to purple

4. Sudan III Test, if there are lipids the solution will separate and go red at the top if not there will be no separation.

Front 17

Which part of your body are your lungs in? And what is it separated from the rest of your body by?

Back 17

Thorax, diaphragm

Front 18

Explain the route of air into the lungs as far as into the bloodstream.

Back 18

1. In through trachea

2. Into bronchi (one bronchus for each lung)

3. Split into small tubes called bronchiole

4. This gets to alveoli where gaseous exchange takes place

Front 19

What diffuses in/ out of the alveoli into which blood vessel. Which process is this because of?

Back 19

In: co2

Out: o2 into capillaries

Because of gaseous exchange which is a form of diffusion

Front 20

What three things is the circularity system made of?

Back 20

Blood, heart, blood vessels

Front 21

Why is the human circularity system described as a double circularity system?

Back 21

Because it is two circuits joined together, one dealing with oxygenated blood and one with deoxygenated blood

Front 22

How many chambers does the heart have and what are they called?

Back 22

4 chambers

Left/right atrium

Left/right ventricle

Front 23

Describe the journey of blood from returning as deoxygenated to leaving the heart as oxygenated:

Back 23

Enters through Vena Cava into the

Right atrium, pushed through a valve to

Right ventricle pushed again to

Pulmonary artery

Goes to lungs to become oxygenated

Comes back into heart through pulmonary vein

Into left atrium pushed through a valve to

Left ventricle pushed again to

Aorta to the body :)

Front 24

How does your heart regulate it's beats?

Back 24

It has a natural pacemaker, cells produce a small electrical impulse which causes the heart to contract

Front 25

Why would you need an artificial pacemaker ?

Back 25

If your heart has an irregular beat. It's a device that produces its own electrical current regularly

Front 26

Three types of blood vessels and their function as well as description:

Back 26

Artery: carries blood away from heart

Description: thick walls with small lumen to deal with the high blood pressure from the heart's beat.

Capillaries: involved in the exchange of molecules at alveoli/ muscles

Veins: take blood back to heart

Description: one cell thick to allow diffusion to take place, permeable wallsVeins: take blood back to heart Description: low pressure, wide lumen, thin walls, valves to prevent bavkflow

wallsVeins: take blood back to heart Description: low pressure, wide lumen, thin walls, valves to prevent bavkflow

Veins: take blood back to heart Description: low pressure, wide lumen, thin walls, valves to prevent bavkflow

Description: low pressure, wide lumen, thin walls, valves to prevent bavkflow

Front 27

4 components of blood and function:

Back 27

Red blood cells: carry oxygen, shaped as a biconcave disc for bigger surface area. Doesn't have nucleus for more oxygen. Contain haemoglobin binds to oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin.

White blood cells: defend against infection, find out more when studying infection (phagocytosis, antibodies antitoxins) (topic 3)

Platelets: help blood clot

Plasma: the liquid that carries everything (even the noobs). E.g. co2, glucose, amino acids, all the other components.

Front 28

What are stents and how do they work?

Back 28

Tubes that are inserted into arteries to keep them open. Fat could deposit so stents hold the artery open and squash the fat.

Front 29

2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of stents:

Back 29

Advantages:

1. Lower risk of heart attack

2. Effective for a long time and recovery time is quick

Disadvantages

1. Risk of infection from surgery

2. Could develop blood clot near stent

Front 30

What are statins and what do they do?

Back 30

Are a drug that reduces the amount of 'bad' cholesterol (LDL) in your blood.

Front 31

2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of statins:

Back 31

Advantages:

1. Reduce the risks of strokes

2. Also increases the amount of beneficial cholesterol (HDL). This can also help to remove 'bad' cholesterol

3. Studies suggest it also helps to prevent some other diseases.

Disadvantages:

1. Need to be taken regularly, could forget

2. Sometimes can have negative side effects (e.g. headaches, or serious ones such as kidney failure)

3. Effects aren't instant

Front 32

What can be used as a temporary (or sometimes permanent) fix to a heart failure? And when are they needed?

Back 32

An artificial heart. When a donor heart is not available.

Front 33

Advantages(2) and disadvantages(2/3) of an artificial heart:

Back 33

Advantages:

1. Less likely to be rejected as it isn't living tissue and therefore won't be seen as 'foreign'

2. Keep you alive while you wait for a new heart

Disadvantages:

1. Surgery could lead to infection

2. Parts could wear out and fail

3. Blood doesn't flow as efficiently so you have to take drugs to thin your blood which is a problem if you bleed .

Front 34

1. What two types of valves can replace faulty heart valves

2. Why would a valve need replacing?

Back 34

1. Mechanical or biological

2. Because either its leaky and let's blood back flow or it stiffens and doesn't open properly

Front 35

If there was no time for a blood transfusion what could be used to replace lost blood in an emergency? It is safe unless what happens?

Back 35

Artificial blood until your body makes enough red blood cells to continue functioning. It is safe unless air bubbles get in

Front 36

Difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?

Back 36

Communicable diseases can be spread (e.g. malaria). Non-communicable diseases can't be (e.g. cancer)

Front 37

How can different diseases interact? 3 different ways:

Back 37

1. As if your immune system is having trouble dealing with a disease, it is less likely to be able to defend itself from another.

2. Getting infected could also give you an allergic reaction

3. Could also lead to mental health problems like depression

Hint 37

1. Standard

2. Haggith

3. Sad day

Front 38

Give examples of general life factors that can increase the risk of illness

Back 38

1. Having a balanced diet

2. Stress levels

3. Life situation (e.g. access to medication)

Front 39

Risk factors ___ your chance of getting a disease.

Back 39

Increase

Front 40

Give three examples of risk factors that can cause disease:

Back 40

1. Smoking

2. Alcohol

3. Obesity

Front 41

Name the two types of tumour and identify the cancerous one, as well as summarising each:

Back 41

1. Benign: where a tumour grows until there's no more room and stays in one place, not cancerous

2. Malignant: where a tumour spreads into neighbouring tissues, can also travel via bloodstream. Cancerous

Front 42

Name three examples of risk factors that can increase your chances of getting cancer:

Back 42

1. Smoking - lung cancer

2. Obesity - many

3. UV exposure - skin cancer

4. Viral infections

5. Genetics - breast / ovarian cancer

Front 43

Name the four types of tissue in a leaf and their function:

Back 43

1. Xylem - deliver water upward

2. Phloem - deliver food both directions

3. Epidermal - covered in waxy cuticle to reduce water lost through evaporation and is transparent

4. Mesophyll - lots of chloroplast for photosynthesis

Front 44

Transpiration is the ____ of water from a plant. It is a side effect of what?

Back 44

Loss, photosynthesis

Front 45

What 4 things is transpiration effected by and why?

Back 45

1. Light intensity - stomata close when it gets dark so less water gets out

2. Temperature - the warmer, the faster it happens

3. Air flow - the more air flow (wind) the faster transpiration. Wind takes away the water vapour that forms round the plant and allows more to replace it

4. Humidity - the drier the air the faster transpiration happens. Basically diffusion

happens.

Front 46

What are adapted to open and close stomata and how?

Back 46

Guard cells - when there is lots of water they fill with water and go plump. This allows the stomata to open and exchange gases. When there is little water they go flacid making the stomata close, this stops water escaping

Front 47

How can you measure the rate of transpiration in a plant?

Back 47

By measuring the uptake of water (the amount of water the plant takes in) as it is directly related to water loss

Front 48

Back 48

:)

Front 49

Explain how to investigate effect of pH on enzyme activity

Back 49

1. Put a drop of iodine solution in every well of spotting tile 2. Using a water bath, keep a beaker of water at a constant temperature3. Using syringe add a set amount of amylase solution and a solution of something with a definite pH to a boiling tube4. Add starch solution to boiling tube 5. Mix contents and start clock6. Sample every x time see how long to change colour 7. Repeat with different samples

Front 50

What are the three types of tissue and general functions:

Back 50

1. Muscular tissue - which contracts to move what's attached

2. Glandular tissue - makes and secretes chemicals e.g. enzymes and hormones

3. Epithelial tissue - covers some parts of body e.g. inside the gut