Biology Test 5

Front 1

macroevolution

Back 1

The large-scale patterns, trends, and rates of change among families and other more inclusive groups of species.

Front 2

speciation

Back 2

starts when a population becomes reproductively isolated from others of the species and ends with new species.

Front 3

biological species concept

Back 3

a species is one or more groups of individuals that can interbreed, produce fertile offspring, and are isolated from other groups.

Front 4

prezygotic isolation mechanisms

Back 4

reproductive isolating mechanisms; behavioral, temporal, mechanical, ecological, and gametic mortality.

Front 5

Allopatric speciation

Back 5

speciation in geographically isolated populations. some sort of barrier arises and prebents gene flow. effectiveness of barrier varies with species. Ex:Isthmus bridge of panama
Mississippi River

Front 6

postzygotic isolation mechanisms

Back 6

unsuitable interactions of genes can lead to: death, sterility, weak hybrids.
Ex: mules, ligers

Front 7

Sympatric speciation

Back 7

species form within the home range of the parent species. no physical barrier. Ex: Africa Cichilds

Front 8

Parapatric speciation

Back 8

Neighboring populaitons become distinct species while maintain contact along a common border

Front 9

Community structure

Back 9

the patterns of species abundances, species interactions, and local biodiversity for a given community. Ex: new guinea pigeons, fire ants

Front 10

habitat

Back 10

a place where each organism lives.

Front 11

community

Back 11

all the populations that live together in a habitat.

Front 12

niche

Back 12

Sum of activities and relationships in which a species engages to secure and use resources necessary for survival and reproduction.

Front 13

Mutualism

Back 13

both species benefits.
helpful interaction: not vital
ex: ants and aphids

Front 14

commensalism

Back 14

helps one species and has little to no affect on the other

Front 15

parasitism

Back 15

both benefit one species at a cost to another

Front 16

interspecific competition (two types)

Back 16

competition between (among) individuals of the same species. (very intense)

Front 17

intraspecific competition

Back 17

competition between populations of different species. (less intense)

Front 18

competitive exclusion

Back 18

when two species compete for identical resources. one will be more successful and will eventually eliminate the other

Front 19

Realized niche

Back 19

niche a species actually occupies. shifts over time. ex: barnacles in tide pools

Front 20

fundamental niche

Back 20

theoretical niche occupied in the absence of any competing species

Front 21

interspecific competition:
1. Interference competition

Back 21

one species controls or blocks access of another species to some resource. Ex: chipmunks, broadtail and rufous hummingbirds.

Front 22

interspecific competition:
2. exploitative competition

Back 22

species have equal access to required but limited resources. one species is better at using the resource.

Front 23

resource partitioning

Back 23

a subdividing of some category of similar resources. allows competing species to coexist. ex: pigeons of new guinea, three annual plants.

Front 24

coevolution

Back 24

species evolve jointly as their close ecological interaction exerts selection pressure on each other over generation. ex: snail shells thickened... crab claws become larger

Front 25

factors shaping community

Back 25

climate and topography, available foods and resources, adaptations of species in community, species interactions, arrival and disappearance of species, physical disturbances. ex: rainforest vs. arctic

Front 26

prey defenses

Back 26

camouflage: blending in w/the surroundings, mimicry: copying another species, often distasteful or toxic, and chemical defenses.

Front 27

Population distribution type 1

Back 27

typical of human populations where health care is good. animals that have few young and extended parental care. Ex: elephants

Front 28

populaiton distribution type 2

Back 28

Fairly constant death rate at all ages. Lizards, small mammals, and large birds.

Front 29

population distribution type 3

Back 29

death rate is highest early in life. species that produce many small offspring and do little parenting. ex: sea turtles, fish, star fish

Front 30

Fertility rates

Back 30

is the average number of children born to a woman. by 2050 it may peak at 9 bill.