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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
3 phases of gas exchange
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1. breathing
2. transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood 3. body tissues take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide |
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cellular respiration (the breakdown of glucose) requires what two things?
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a supply of oxygen and a disposal of carbon dioxide
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______ and _____ help animals get oxygen in and carbon dioxide out IF they have a greater number of surface areas on their body (usually one celled or small multicellular)
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diffusion, osmosis
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worms respiratory surface
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outer skin
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the most common way for organisms to achieve gas exchange
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through the skin, external membrane
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tiniest blood vessels
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capillaries
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External membranes have to be ______.
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Moist. If they dry out, they get hard and impervious tog as exchange
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first and most common respiratory organ in many animals
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skin
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gas exchange in the water uses what?
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gills
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gills are formed by the _____ being pressed out into folded membranes
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capillaries
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the first time that we really see extra surface area provided for gas exchange, because ______ is no longer sufficient, so there is a system of moving fluids through it and the capillaries that carry the fluid are wrapped around the surface area that's been provided
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gills, diffusion
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In a fishes gills blood flows from the ______ direction as water.
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opposite
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ways that gas exchange is enhanced in a fish
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1. ventilation of the gills (moving water past the gills)
2. countercurrent flow of water and blood |
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The watery medium is ______ to obtain oxygen from because temperature changes the gradient of gases aailable frequently.
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more difficult
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systems that are usually small, somewhat simpler than gill systems.
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tracheal systems
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primary examples of animals that use tracheal systems
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insects
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Compared to water, air contains _____ concentrations of oxygen. It is also lighter and easier to move.
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higher
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In lungs there are capillaries that are clustering and moving in close proximities to the air spaces inside of the lungs.
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note
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Tetrapods, 4 legged animals, evolved in what?
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shallow water
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Fossil fish had ____ and ____ and ____.
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legs, lungs, gills
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In fossil fish, with legs they could have reached up to gulp _____.
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air
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tree major lineages of tetrapods
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amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
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amphibians have _____ lungs and body surfaces
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small
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reptiles have _____ metabolic rates, and _____ lungs
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low, simple
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birds and mammals have _____ metabolic rates and _____ lungs
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higher, complex
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Complex lungs have _____ and _____ and the entire lung is filled with surface area for gas exchange.
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aleoli, bronchioles
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bronchioles dead-end in grapelike clusters of air savs called _____
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alveoli
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bronchus branches into finer and finer tubes called _____
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bronchioles
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When blood moves from heart it makes a detour to _____
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alveoli
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oxygen bound proteins that most animals transport
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respiratory pigments
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copper containing respiratory pigment is used by
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molluscs and arthropods
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iron containing respiratory pigment
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hemoglobin (red respiratory pigment)
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iron containing hemoglobin is used by almost all _____ and many _____. It transports _____, buffers _____, and transports _____.
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vertebrates, invertebrates, oxygen, blood, carbon dioxide
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