Biology Test 4

Front 1

The oxpecker bird lives near herds of zebra and rhinoceroses. The oxpecker eats ticks and other parasites off the herbivore. The herbivore in turn has less disease from pests. Which type of symbiosis is this?

Back 1

mutualism

Front 2

What type of distribution pattern would wildflowers display whose seeds are spread by wind?

Back 2

random

Front 3

Monarch butterfly caterpillars take poisons from its food to make itself poisonous, poisons are incorporated into adult form. Adult form is mimicked by many other viceroy butterflies. Which defense mechanism are the viceroy butterflies using?

Back 3

physical

Front 4

Which type of growth curve is exhibited by a species with limited resources available to them?

Back 4

logistic

Front 5

Which survivorship curve would a salmon display if laid 1500 eggs at once, less than half survived to adulthood and the parent did not extend care to the young?

Back 5

Type III

Front 6

American bison are most likely to be found in which biome?

Back 6

prairie (temperate grassland)

Front 7

A key feature of estuaries is

Back 7

mixture of saltwater and freshwater

Front 8

Which type of biome is being described: "They can range in size; temperature is an important factor; thermal stratification occurs usually in summer time; and sometimes they can be severely affected by algal blooms."

Back 8

lakes and ponds

Front 9

The ________ zone is the part of the ocean that extends along the ocean bottom from the shoreline to the deepest parts of the ocean floor.

Back 9

benthic

Front 10

All of the following are ways in which humans cause extinctions EXCEPT:

-destruction of habitats

-geophysical disasters

-pollution

-exploitation of commercially valuable species

Back 10

geophysical disasters

Front 11

Converting a prairie to a farm field is an example of ___________.

Back 11

habitat loss

Front 12

What is the name of the law enacted in 1973 that helps regulate hunting/fishing particularly of those species in danger of becoming extinct?

Back 12

Endangered Species Act

Front 13

A(n) ________ species is a species that has been introduced to an ecosystem in which it did not evolve.

Back 13

exotic

Front 14

Which factor is not used in determining biodiversity?

-numbers of species

-ecosystem diversity

-genetic diversity

-annual rainfall

Back 14

annual rainfall

Front 15

ecology

Back 15

study of the interaction between organisms and their environment

Front 16

population

Back 16

all of the individuals of a species in a given area

Front 17

population density

Back 17

amount of x per unit area

Front 18

3 types of species distribution patterns

Back 18

random

clumped

uniform

Front 19

3 types of survivorship curves

Back 19

Type I: (humans) low mortality rates in young offspring; produce few offspring; provide more parental care

Type II: (birds) constant mortality rate over entire life span across all age groups; all age groups equally likely to die/survive regardless of the amount of parental care

Type III: (trees) high mortality rates in young offspring; produce many offspring; provide less parental care

Front 20

Compare exponential growth curves to logistic growth curves.

Back 20

Exponential (population doubles every reproduction cycle) Logistic (population doesn't double each time) Exponential (no limits) Logistic (limited by resource availability) Exponential (J-shaped curve) Logistic (S-shaped curve)

Front 21

Define carrying capacity and list some of the resources that affect it.

Back 21

carrying capacity - the number of individuals in a population that the environment can support

Defined by the available resources (water, nutrients, space, light, weather, natural disasters)

Front 22

density-dependent factors

Back 22

Mortality factors that aren't affected by density (predation, competition, parasite/diseases)

Front 23

density-independent factors

Back 23

Mortality factors that have nothing to do with population density (natural disasters, weather, pollution)

Front 24

K-selected species

Back 24

adapted to stable, predictable environments; exist close to carrying capacity; larger size; fewer offspring; allocate more resources to offspring; ex. elephants

Front 25

r-selected species

Back 25

adapted to unstable, unpredictable environments; large numbers of small offspring; minimal parental care; ex. dandelions

Front 26

Describe the growth curve of human population

Back 26

Human population growth also restricted by resource availability

Humans can change their carrying capacity using biotechnology

Front 27

Characteristics of age-structure diagrams

Back 27

Fancy A = rapid growth (many reproductive-aged people; underdeveloped countries)

Normal A = slow growth (fewer reproductive-aged people; more older-aged people; developed countries)

Arch = stable growth (zero population growth; mostly middle-aged people; developed countries)

Front 28

Consequences of overpopulation of humans

Back 28

degradation of the environment, global climate change, family planning, emissions standards

Front 29

Describe the relationship between a predator and prey.

Back 29

As prey population increases, predator population increases. As prey population decreases, predator population decreases.

Front 30

List and identify different defense mechanisms.

Back 30

Mechanical DMs discourage physical contact (rough or painful covering). Chemical DMs discourage consumption through toxic substances (poison). Physical DMs are used in avoidance techniques (camouflage, bright red and orange colors aka warning coloration, mimicry, plants growing out of season or out of reach, plants growing nonessential parts more noticeably than essential parts)

Front 31

3 types of symbiotic relationships

Back 31

mutualism (both species benefit)

commensalism (one species receives a benefit and the other is not impacted)

parasitism (one species benefits and the other is harmed)

Front 32

foundation species

Back 32

-base of the community with highest impact on overall structure

-primary producers

-abundant

-may physically modify the environment of produce/maintain habitats

ex. coral reefs

Front 33

keystone species

Back 33

presence has excessive influence in maintaining prevalence of other species in the area

ex. sea star which, when removed, causes mussels to proliferate, causing other species to die out, reducing biodiversity

Front 34

succession

Back 34

the sequential appearance and disappearance of species in a community over time after a disturbance

Front 35

primary succession

Back 35

newly exposed or formed land; primary producers colonize the area

Front 36

secondary succession

Back 36

a community replaces one that has been destroyed by a natural disaster

Front 37

climax community

Back 37

the final composition of the area until the next natural disaster

Front 38

food chain

Back 38

linked series of feeding relationships

Front 39

autotroph

Back 39

producers

Front 40

photoautotroph

Back 40

an organism that gets energy from the sun and makes its own food

Front 41

chemoautotroph

Back 41

an organism that gets energy from inorganic molecules and makes its own food

Front 42

heterotroph

Back 42

consumers; they get energy from the organisms they eat

Front 43

net primary productivity

Back 43

the energy that remains in the producers made available to primary consumers

Front 44

Explain what happens to the available energy as you move up a trophic level.

Back 44

90% of the energy available at the first level is lost as heat.

Front 45

biomagnification

Back 45

the increasing concentration of persistent, toxic substances in successive trophic levels (Occurs with PCBs, DDT, mercury, and lead)

Front 46

Explain how matter moves through the earth.

Back 46

Matter is recycled and conserved (water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur)

Front 47

List the various processes of the water cycle.

Back 47

evaporation (liquid to water vapor)

sublimation (ice to water vapor)

transpiration (evaporation of water off leaves)

condensation

precipitation

subsurface water flow

surface runoff and snowmelt

streamflow

Front 48

Identify processes that increase CO2.

Back 48

-breaking glucose bonds (cellular respiration)

-breaking carbon bonds in fuels (human impact)

-deforestation

-death

Front 49

Explain how humans increase the amount of nitrogen on the planet

Back 49

combustion of fossil fuels

use of artificial fertilizers, which wash into water by surface runoff (eutrophication: excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen)

Front 50

List the reasons phosphorus is important and how it is added into its cycle

Back 50

-major component of nucleic acids, phospholipids, & bones

-often the limiting nutrient in aquatic ecosystems

-Weathering of rocks and volcanic activity release phosphate into the soil, water, and air

-Enters the oceans through surface runoff, groundwater flow, and river flow

Front 51

What causes dead zones?

Back 51

excess phosphorous and nitrogen from fertilizers and sewage cause excessive growth of algae; depletes oxygen and kills fauna

Front 52

biome

Back 52

a large-scale community of organisms, with a characteristic climate and plant types

Front 53

List the abiotic factors that affect aquatic biomes.

Back 53

-light

-temperature

-flow regime (movement)

-dissolved solids (salt)

Front 54

Compare oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries.

Back 54

ocean - continuous body of salt water that is relatively uniform in composition

coral reefs - ocean ridge w/ sunlight inhabited by Cnidarians (coral polyps)

estuaries - salt water and fresh water mixed

Front 55

zones of the ocean

Back 55

Front 56

Compare the 3 categories of freshwater biomes.

Back 56

-Lakes and ponds: contained bodies of freshwater

-Rivers and streams: continuously moving bodies of water

-Wetlands: soil is saturated with water; near continuous cover of emergent vegetation

Front 57

Which freshwater biome suffers from thermal stratification?

Back 57

lakes and ponds

Front 58

Compare marshes, swamps, bogs, and mudflats.

Back 58

All are wetlands. Marshes are herbaceous. Swamps are forested. Bogs have wet, spongy ground called "peat." Mudflats have oxygen-poor mud.

Front 59

What are the 3 levels of biodiversity?

Back 59

genetic diversity

ecosystem diversity

species diversity

Front 60

genetic diversity

Back 60

heritable variation within and between populations of organism

Front 61

ecosystem diversity

Back 61

the number of different ecosystems on Earth or in a geographical area

Front 62

species diversity

Back 62

the number of species in a given area

Front 63

Explain why it is not good to have low biodiversity in a species.

Back 63

Low biodiversity makes the species more susceptible to diseases and less likely to survive major environmental changes.

Front 64

Identify the 3 areas that biodiversity is important to.

Back 64

human health

food sources

economics

Front 65

biophilia

Back 65

instinctive desire to commune with nature

Front 66

3 major threats to biodiversity

Back 66

habitat loss

overharvesting

exotic species

Front 67

Tragedy of the Commons

Back 67

Fishers have little motivation to exercise restraint in harvesting a fishery when they do not own the fishery

Front 68

competitive exclusion principle

Back 68

If two different species utilize the exact same limiting resource at the exact same time at the exact same place, then one will go extinct. No two species can occupy the same niche.

Front 69

Explain how climate change will affect biodiversity in the future

Back 69

-major extinction threats

-alteration of regional climates will make habitats less hospitable to the species living in them

-There will be increased competition because of habitat loss.

Front 70

background extinction vs. mass extinction

Back 70

background extinction: normal # of species go extinct

mass extinction: widespread and rapid extinction of species

Front 71

ecological footprint

Back 71

the total impact a person has on the environment

Front 72

Compare the 2 major world views

Back 72

***Human-centered worldview***

We are in charge of nature. Nature is for us to use. The value of nature depends on its utility to us.

***Earth-centered worldview***

We are a part of nature. Species should be preserved for their own sake. All forms of life have inherent value.

Front 73

biodiversity hotspot

Back 73

geographical areas that contain high numbers of endemic species

Front 74

List several ways that we are combating extinction.

Back 74

Legal initiatives

Habitat Restoration

Zoos and captive breeding