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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Biological Diversity
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variety & diversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem level
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What are some things that prove it is living?
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cellular organization
sensitivity growth development reproduction regulation homeostasis heredity |
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living organisms classified into groups:
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taxonomy / Binomial nomeclature
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Characteristics in taxonomy can be used to identify unknown species.
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Dichotomous key
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Study dichotomous key for leaves
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compound/simple
arrangement/leaflets leaflet shape arrangement of leaf veins overall shape appearance of leaf edge |
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Highest level of organization
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Domain
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3 domains:
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methanogens
extremophiles non extreme archaea |
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Domains are
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monophyletic
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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes... E
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Eukaryotes:
compartmentalized cells- organelles via endosymbiosis multicellularity( not all) sexual reproduction |
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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes... P
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check graph.
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Kingdoms monophyletic?
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Yes: plantae, fungi, animalia,
no: protista |
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Two Groups of Prokaryote
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Archaea & Bacteria
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what is prokaryote:
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unicellularity
cell size Chromosome size/structure cell division&genetic recombination lack of internal compartmentalization flagella metabolic diversity |
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Kingdom/Domain Bacteria is diff from Archaea.
Unique characteristics: |
cell wall content: peptidoglycan in bacteria; presence of capsule
plasma membrane structure DNA replication&gene expression mechanisms |
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Unique characteristics contd. :
3 basic bacterial shapes: |
bacillus
coccus spirillum |
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Unique characteristics contd. :
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flagella & pili
internal organization- membranes, nucleoid, ribosomes. |
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Bacteria wide variety of metabolic pathways:
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photoautotrophs
chemolithoautotrophs photoheterotrophs chemoheterotrophs |
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Classification of Bacteria has been challenging
phenotypic trais: |
cell wall type gram staining.
expanded use of molecular tools = more resolution still phylogenetically messy |
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focus on research - beneficial bacteria
microbiome |
gut and skin bacterial populations:
human health vitamins K & b12 Cattle- cellulose digestion |
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focus on research - beneficial bacteria
ecosystem functions: |
decomposers
carbon fixation |
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focus on research - beneficial bacteria
ecosystem functions: |
nitrogen fixation: nitrogenase enzyme - cyanobacteria & rhizobia
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Protista:
What is eukaryote Compartmentalization: |
Endosymbiotic theory:
infolding of membranes = nuclear membrane, ER endosymbiosis of aerobic bacteria = mitochondria endosymbiosis of photosynthetic bacteria = chloroplasts |
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eukaryote- Compartmentalization: Endosymbiotic Theory:
well supported by what evidence? |
size/shape of organelle DNA
ribosome similarity antibiotic activity in organelles |
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Protista:
A "catch all" kingdom: |
lots of unicellular organisms
group not monophyletic itself but, some monophyletic groups within |
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Protista:
A "catch all" kingdom: variation in: |
cell surfaces- plasma membrane extracellular matrix, cyst formation
locomotion: flagella, pseudopods nutritional strategy- phototrophs, heterotrophs reproduction: asexual mitosis, sexual |
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Protista
diplomonads & parabasalids: |
no mitochondria, flagella.
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diplomonads:
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two nuclei
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parabasalids:
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undulating membranes
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Protista
2 Euglenozoa 1. Euglenoids |
chloroplasts
become heterotrophic in the dark flagella |
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Protista
2 Euglenozoa 2. Kinetoplastids: |
single unique mitochondrion
parasitic- trpanosomes sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, chagas disease |
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Protista 3
alveolata: flattened vesicles called alveoli Dinoflagellates: |
photosynthetic
silica/cellulose coats flagella in grooves ocean luminescence red tide - toxicity |
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Protista 3
alveolata: flattened vesicles called alveoli Apicomplexans: |
apical complex of organelles
spore formation parasitic to humans (malaria/toxoplasma) |
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Protista 3
alveolata: flattened vesicles called alveoli ciliates: |
cilia for movement& feeding
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Protista:
4 Stramenopila: fine hairs on flagella types: |
brown algae/diatoms
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Protista:
4 Stramenopila: fine hairs on flagella water molds: |
responsible for irish potato famine.
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Protista:
rhodophyta: Choanflagellida: |
R: red algae
C: share common ancestor with |
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Protista
other types of protists still have important functions/characteristics: |
Amoebas/ pseudopods
foramnifera: marine heterotrophs Colorful shells, cytoplasm projections fossils: limestone deposits geological markers |
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Protista
other types of protists still have important functions/characteristics: Slime molds: |
plasmodial: single cell, multinucleate, move & spore in search of resources.
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Protista
other types of protists still have important functions/characteristics: Slime molds cellular/model |
cellular: amoeba when resources are common, slug and sporulating body when resources scare (signaling pathway)
Model for developmental, cellular, & evolutionary biology. |