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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Photosynthesis
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The conversion of light energy to chemical energy
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Autotroph
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producers, use CO2 to make organic molecules
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Heterotroph
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consumer; acquire organic compounds from other organism
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Chloroplast
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The site of photosynthesis
(plant version of the mitochondria) -outer membrane -inner membrane -thylakoid |
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Mesophyll
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Tissue in the interior of a leaf; where most of the chloroplast resides
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Stomata
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pores in the surface of a leaf that allow gas exchange; this is where carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits.
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stroma
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dense fluid where the thylakoid reside
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thylakoid
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Chlorophyll resides in these sacs
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Grana (Granum singular)
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the stack of Thylakoid
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Chlorophyll
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green pigment in the thylakoid membrane
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Two stages of Photosynthesis
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Light Reaction - (the photo part) ATP produced in this reaction goes to only power the Calvin Cycle, not to power other processes
Calvin Cycle - (The synthesis part) |
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Pigments
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Substances that absorb light
3 types: Chlorophyll A (captures most of the light) Chlorophyll B Carotenoids |
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Photosystem
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Two types Photosystem 1 (PSI) and Photosystem 2 (PSII)
They were named in the order they were discovered, but PSII operates first in the light reactions each has a characteristic reaction-center complex; a particular kind of primary electron acceptor, next to a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules associated with specific proteins. Consists of: Light Harvesting Complex -Energy is transferred between chlorophyll molecules Reaction Center Complex- when energy reaches here, an electron is transferred to the primary electron acceptor |
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photophosphorylation
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The process of adding a phosphate group to ADP using Chemiosomis
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NADP
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the acceptor of the electrons and hydrogen ion derived by the light reaction
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Light Reaction
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the part of photosynthesis in which solar energy is converted to chemical energy: water is split providing electrons and hydrogen ions, and giving off oxygen. the light absorbed by chlorophyll drives a transfer of the electrons and hydrogen ions from water to an acceptor called NADP(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) where they are temporarily stored. The light reactions use solar power to reduce NADP to NADPH by adding a pair of electrons along with a hydrogen ion. This process also creates ATP via chemiosmosis.
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Calvin Cycle
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reduces fixed carbon to carbohydrate by the addition of electrons. The reducing power is provided by NADPH, which acquired its electrons in the light reaction. To convert CO2 to carbohydrate, it also require chemical energy in the form of ATP, which is also generated in the light reaction. so in order to create the sugar this cycle needs NADPH and ATP from the light reaction. Sometimes referred to as "Dark Reactions" in the stroma, CO2 is converted into glyceraldhyde 3-phosphate (G3P) using 9 molecules of ATP and 6 molecules of NADPH
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Linear Electron flow
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Electrons flow from PSII to an ETC (Electron transport Chain) which generates ATP, then to PSI to another ETC to NADP generating NADPH
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Cell Signaling
(Reception) |
Target cell's detection of a signaling molecule (ligand)
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Cell Signaling
(Transduction) |
conversion of a signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response(can involve a signal transduction pathway)
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Cell Signaling
(Response) |
triggering of a specific cellular response
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Intracellular receptors
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This signal can pas through the plasma membrane
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Extracellular Receptor
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These signals are water soluble, they are transmembrane proteins
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Signal Transduction Pathway
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Series of steps in which a received signal is converted into a specific cellular response
Often relies on phosphorylation and changes in protein shape Key protein: - protein kinase - transfers phosphate groups form ATP to a protein - serine/threonine kinase - tyrosine kinase - protein phosphotase - removes phosphate groups from a protein |
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Second Messengers
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Other signal transduction pathways, they are small, water soluble, non-protein molecules or ions
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Cellular Responses
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1.) regulation of protein synthesis
2.) regulation of protein activity 3.) regulation of cellular activity Different cells contain different proteins, so they can respond differentially to signals |
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Apoptosis
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Programmed Cellular Death
- removes damaged, old cells - part of normal organism development/operations |