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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the science of heredity
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genetics
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a heritable feature that varies among individuals
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character
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each variant for a character
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trait
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fertilization of one plant by pollen from a different plant
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cross pollination
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father of genetics- derived laws to describe patterns of heredity? during what time period?
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Gregor Mendel, 1860
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Mendel's laws explain ______between pea plants?
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differences/variability
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Mendel chose to use what species in his experiments?
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pea plants
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Peas can ______, which produces an identical plant over again.
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self-pollinate
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Self-pollination produces offspring genetically identical to the parent which is known as _______?
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true-breeding
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With cross pollination in plants _____ occurs?
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variation
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Mendel's experiments were based on the "heritable factors" which are now known as _____?
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genes
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In a ____ cross, the plants differ in only one character.
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monohybrid
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Mendel derived the particulate _____________.
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theory of inheritance
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alternative versions of a gene/ different forms
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alleles
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two identical alleles for a gene
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homozygous
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two different alleles for a gene
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heterozygous
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the allele that determine's an organisms appearance in a heterozygous pair
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dominant allele
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the allele that has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance
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recessive allele
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Genes for one trait are located in the ______ on everyone's chromosomes.
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same place
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Genetic crosses can be predicted by what type of diagram?
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Punnett Square
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Dominant is the ____ letter, recessive is the ____ letter?
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capital, lowercase
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In Mendel's Monohybrid cross, the flower color is the _____ while purple and white are the ______.
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gene, alleles
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Genotype means that they actually have those alleles (their genetic makeup). Phenotype however is what will they look like? What genes are expressed? So in a cross between Pp and Pp, what is the phenotype? the genotype?
P p P PP Pp P Pp pp |
phenotype- 3/4 will be purple flowers; 1/4 will be white
genotype- 1/4PP, 1/2 Pp, 1/4pp |
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_______ gives you every possible combination of gametes from those parents.
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Punnett Squares
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All organisms carry ____ alleles per trait.
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2
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Just because you only carry 2 alleles for a trait, there are more possibilities in a population that you can inherit which means what?
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There are more than 2 possibilities for most alleles that you can inherit, but you're only going to get two. Example: blood type
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Alleles can be _____ or ______?
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dominant, recessive
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Gametes only carry ____ allele due to reduction division during _____? Sexual reproduction brings that number back to ___ alleles after it brings together a sperm and an egg.
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1, meiosis, 2
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Do alleles segregate independently or together?
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independently
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Mendel realized that _____ alleles were still there even though they don't show up in heterozygous pairs.
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recessive
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Each pair of factors segregates (assorts) independently of other factors is known as the _____?
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law of independent assortment
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In Mendel's experiments the first generation was _____ to generate the F2 generation?
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self-pollinated
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_______ involves more than one pair of alleles?
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polygenic inheritance
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Each dominant allele is _____ to the overall phenotype in polygenic inheritance?
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additive
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Each allele contributes to the overall phenotype in a _____ situation?
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codominant
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_____ is an example of polygenic inheritance that is determined by three genes.
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Skin color
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The more dominant the alleles in skin color, the ____ the skin color?
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darker
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polygenes also controlled by the environment
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multifactorial traits
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In some cases the ______ can affect the phenotype more than genetics.
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environment
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