Biology Test #2 Chapter 11

Front 1

________ means that information flows from genes to proteins.

Back 1

Gene expression

Front 2

In gene expression, information flows from _____ to _____.

Back 2

genes, proteins

Front 3

Gene expression is mainly controlled by controlling _______?

Back 3

transcription

Front 4

Differentiation involves cell specialization in both _____ and _____.

Back 4

structure, function

Front 5

Differentiation is controlled by turning specific sets of genes ___ or ___.

Back 5

on, off

Front 6

Each cell in a human body has ____ chromosomes?

Back 6

46

Front 7

DNA wrapped around histone proteins

Back 7

nucleosomes

Front 8

In nucleosomes, each bead includes ___ plus 8 ____ molecules?

Back 8

DNA, histone

Front 9

DNA packing can prevent ______?

Back 9

transcription

Front 10

a coiling of the tight helical fiber

Back 10

supercoil

Front 11

In female mammals, one X chromosome is _____ in each somatic cell.

Back 11

inactive

Front 12

An inactivated X chromosome is called _____?

Back 12

a Barr Body

Front 13

Athletes may be tested for _____ to determine sex?

Back 13

Bar bodies

Front 14

In female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes is coiled tightly and not ______.

Back 14

transcribed

Front 15

In eukaryotic transcription, each gene has a _____ and a ______.

Back 15

promoter, terminator

Front 16

Interactions between ______ proteins and control sequences maintain control of activation/expression?

Back 16

regulatory proteins

Front 17

______, a type of regulatory protein, inhibit transcription?

Back 17

Silencers

Front 18

replacing the nucleus of an egg cell or zygote with a nucleus from an adult somatic cell

Back 18

nuclear transportation

Front 19

implant embryo in surrogate mother for development; new animal is genetically identical to nuclear donor

Back 19

reproductive cloning

Front 20

remove embryonic stem cells and grow in culture for medical treatments; induce stem cells to differentiate

Back 20

therapeutic cloning

Front 21

early embryo

Back 21

blastocyst

Front 22

Cloned animals can show differences from their parent due to a _____ of influences during development.

Back 22

variety

Front 23

Reproductive cloning is used to produce animals with _____ traits.

Back 23

desirable- agricultural products, therapeutic agents, restoring endangered animals

Front 24

In therapeutic cloning, stem cells can be induced to give rise to _____?

Back 24

differentiated cells

Front 25

Cancer results from _____ in genes that control cell division.

Back 25

Mutations

Front 26

Mutations in two types of genes can cause cancer:

Back 26

oncogenes, tumor-suppressor genes

Front 27

Proto-oncogenes normally ____?

Back 27

promote cell division

Front 28

Mutations to oncogenes _____ activity.

Back 28

enhance

Front 29

Tumor suppressor genes normally ______?

Back 29

inhibit cell division

Front 30

Mutations to tumor suppressor genes inactivate the genes and allow ______ division to occur.

Back 30

uncontrolled

Front 31

What type of genes promote cancer when present in a single copy?

Back 31

oncogenes

Front 32

Oncogenes can be ____ genes inserted into host chromosomes.

Back 32

viral

Front 33

Oncogenes can be mutated version of _____, which are normal genes that promote cell division and differentiation.

Back 33

proto-oncogenes

Front 34

Converting a proto-oncogene to an oncogene can occur by a mutation increasing ____ activity, an increased number of _____ copies causing more protein to be produced, or a change in location that puts the gene under the control of a new promoter for increased _____.

Back 34

protein, gene, transcription

Front 35

When both copies of ______ genes are mutated, they promote cancer.

Back 35

tumor-suppressor

Front 36

____ or more somatic mutations are usually required to produce a cancer cell.

Back 36

4

Front 37

cancer causing agents that damage DNA and promote cell division

Back 37

carcinogens

Front 38

types of cancer caused by cigarettes

Back 38

lung, colon/rectum, urinary bladder, kidney, pancreas, mouth and throat, stomach, cervix

Front 39

a group of genes under coordinated control in bacteria

Back 39

operon

Front 40

two types of operon control

Back 40

1. inducible operon
2. repressible operon

Front 41

For many operons, ______ enhance RNA polymerase binding to the promoter.

Back 41

activators