Biology Test #2

Front 1

where are roots found

Back 1

found at the base of the stem

Front 2

roots purpose

Back 2

anchoring plants
absorbing minerals and water
storing organic nutrients

Front 3

taproot

Back 3

one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots or branch roots

Front 4

list 5 root modifications

Back 4

pneumatophores
aerial
prop
buttress
storage

Front 5

what is a stem

Back 5

alternating system of nodes and internodes

Front 6

node

Back 6

points at which leaves are attached

Front 7

axillary bud

Back 7

structure that has potential to form lateral shoots or branches

Front 8

apical bud (terminal bud)

Back 8

located near shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

Front 9

apical dominance

Back 9

helps maintain dormancy in non-apical buds

Front 10

list 4 stem modifications

Back 10

rhizomes
bud
runners (stolons)
tubers

Front 11

leaves are...

Back 11

the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants

Front 12

leaves consist of a flattened ____ and a stalk called the ____.

Back 12

blade, petiole

Front 13

petiole

Back 13

joins the leaf to the stem

Front 14

types of leaves

Back 14

simple leaf
compound leaf
doubly compound leaf

Front 15

name 5 leaf modifications

Back 15

tendrils
spines
storage
reproductive
bracts

Front 16

tissue system

Back 16

dermal, vascular and ground tissues

Front 17

in non-woody plants, dermal tissue system is called...

Back 17

epidermis

Front 18

in woody plants, what replaces the epidermis

Back 18

periderm

Front 19

cuticle

Back 19

waxy coating that prevents water loss in leaves

Front 20

inflorescence

Back 20

group of flowers

Front 21

trichomes

Back 21

hair like outgrowths of the shoot epidermis that helps with insect defense

Front 22

the xylem and phloem are called...

Back 22

stele

Front 23

pith

Back 23

ground tissue internal to the vascular system

Front 24

cortex

Back 24

ground tissue external to the vascular system

Front 25

5 major plant cells

Back 25

parenchyma
collenchyma
sclerenchyma
water-conducting xylem
sugar-conducting phloem

Front 26

indeterminate growth

Back 26

plants that grow without stopping for their whole lives

Front 27

determinate growth

Back 27

plants that grow to a certain point and stop growth

Front 28

annuals

Back 28

plants that complete their life cycle in a year

Front 29

biennials

Back 29

plants that grow in 2 seasons

Front 30

perennials

Back 30

plants that grow for many years

Front 31

lateral meristem

Back 31

adds thickness to woody plants

Front 32

secondary growth

Back 32

process of adding thickness to woody plants

Front 33

name 2 lateral meristems

Back 33

vascular cambium
cork cambium

Front 34

vascular cambium

Back 34

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem and secondary phloem

Front 35

cork cambium

Back 35

replaces the epidermis

Front 36

endodermis

Back 36

innermost layer of the cortex

Front 37

the pith can sometimes be replaced with the...

Back 37

parenchyma

Front 38

leaf primordia

Back 38

adds girth (thickness) to the stem and roots in woody plants

Front 39

translocation

Back 39

ability of the phloem to travel both ways

Front 40

phyllotaxy

Back 40

arrangement of leaves on a stem

Front 41

coattail

Back 41

co-transport of a neutral solute with H+ couple diffusion

Front 42

osmosis

Back 42

diffusion of water

Front 43

water potential

Back 43

measurement that combines the effects of solute concentration and pressure

Front 44

how does water potential work

Back 44

water flows from regions of high water potential to low water potential

Front 45

what does water potential do

Back 45

determines the direction of movement of water

Front 46

solute potential (osmotic potential)

Back 46

proportional to the number of dissolved molecules

Front 47

pressure potential

Back 47

the physical pressure on a solution

Front 48

turgor pressure

Back 48

pressure exerted by plasma membrane. loss of turgor pressure causes wilting

Front 49

3 major routes of passage

Back 49

symplastic route
apoplastic route
transmembrane route

Front 50

symplastic route

Back 50

flow through the plasmodesmata

Front 51

apoplastic route

Back 51

flow through cell wall

Front 52

transmembrane route

Back 52

flows through the apoplastic and symplastic route

Front 53

bulk flow

Back 53

movement of fluid driven by pressure; efficient for long-distance transport of fluid. Water and solutes move through tracheids and vessel elements of xylem, and sieve-tube elements of phloem

Front 54

endodermis

Back 54

innermost layer of cells in root cortex and surrounds the vascular cylinder and is the last checkpoint for selective transport

Front 55

casparian strip

Back 55

waxy substance of endodermal wall

Front 56

the casparian strip is made of...

Back 56

suberin; acts as a block

Front 57

transpiration

Back 57

evaporation of water from a plants surface

Front 58

how does transpiration work

Back 58

water is replaced by bulk flow of water and minerals in the xylem sap, from steles of roots to stems and leaves

Front 59

guttation

Back 59

allows water to exit leaves resulting in water droplets on tips of leaves: dew

Front 60

cohesion and adhesion

Back 60

cohesion of water molecules to each other and adhesion of water molecules to cell walls

Front 61

stomata opening stimulated by...

Back 61

sunlight
CO2 depletion
biological clocks/circadian rhythm

Front 62

circadian rhythm

Back 62

24-hour cycle of plants

Front 63

xerophytes

Back 63

plants that are adapted to arid climates: CAM plants

Front 64

translocation

Back 64

products of photosynthesis are transported

Front 65

phloem sap

Back 65

aqueous solution that is high in sucrose and travels from source to sugar sink

Front 66

sugar sink

Back 66

sugar storage part of plants

Front 67

loams

Back 67

most fertile topsoils that contain equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay

Front 68

topsoil

Back 68

consists of mineral particles, humus, and living organisms

Front 69

humus

Back 69

decaying organic material that provides soil with organic matter

Front 70

humus' job

Back 70

build crumbly soil that retains water but is still porous.
increases soil capacity to exchange cations

Front 71

sustainable agriculture

Back 71

use farming methods that are conservation-minded, environmentally safe, and profitable

Front 72

aquifers

Back 72

reserves that provide us with our primary source of irrigation water that is underground

Front 73

subsidence

Back 73

depletion of aquifers and causes settling or sinking of the land

Front 74

salinization

Back 74

concentration of salts in soil as water evaporates

Front 75

method for protection against salinization

Back 75

drip irrigation

Front 76

fertilization

Back 76

replaces mineral nutrients that have been lost from the soil

Front 77

main ingredients in commercial fertilizers

Back 77

nitrogen
potassium
phosphorous

Front 78

farming methods

Back 78

terracing
contour
no-till
strip farming

Front 79

phytoremediation

Back 79

technology that reclaims contaminated areas in plants

Front 80

essential element/nutrient

Back 80

a chemical element needed to complete its life cycle

Front 81

hydroponic culture

Back 81

determines which chemical elements are essential

Front 82

9 macronutrients

Back 82

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, sulfur

Front 83

8 micronutrients

Back 83

chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, molybdenum

Front 84

nitrogen fixation

Back 84

conversion of nitrogen from N2 to NH3

Front 85

rhizobium

Back 85

along a legume's roots are swellings called nodules

Front 86

nodules

Back 86

composed of plant cells "infected" by nitrogen fixing rhizobium bacteria

Front 87

rhizobium bacteria

Back 87

assume a form called bacteroids which are contained within vesicles formed by the root cell

Front 88

crop rotation

Back 88

takes advantage of agricultural benefits of symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Front 89

2 types of mycorrhizae

Back 89

ectomycorrhizae
endomycorrhizae

Front 90

epiphyte

Back 90

plant that grows on another plant

Front 91

parasitic plants

Back 91

absorb sugars and minerals from their living host plant: mistletoe (photosynthetic parasite)

Front 92

carnivorous plants

Back 92

eat insects: venus fly trap.
pitcher plant (nepenthes).
sun dew

Front 93

where do plants obtain CO2

Back 93

air
water
minerals in soil (upper layers of soil)

Front 94

name the soil particles from largest to smallest

Back 94

1 sand
2 silt
3 clay

Front 95

topsoil

Back 95

consists of mineral particles, living organisms, and humus

Front 96

humus

Back 96

decaying organic material that builds crumbly soil that retains water but is still porous. Increases soil capacity to exchange cations and serves as reservoir of mineral nutrients

Front 97

loams

Back 97

most fertile topsoils

Front 98

sustainable agriculture

Back 98

use farming methods that are conservation minded, environmentally safe and profitable

Front 99

ways to reduce erosion

Back 99

terracing
no-till agriculture
trees=windbreaks
contour

Front 100

soil compaction

Back 100

slows gas exchange and reduces root growth

Front 101

phytoremediation

Back 101

reclaims contaminated areas of plants

Front 102

essential nutrient

Back 102

element required for a plant to complete its life cycle

Front 103

rhizosphere

Back 103

layer of soil bound to the plant's roots. Has high microbial activity because of sugars, amino acids, and organic acids secreted by roots

Front 104

rhizobacteria

Back 104

produce hormones-plant growth
produce antibiotics-prevent disease
absorb toxic metals or make nutrients more available to roots

Front 105

nitrogen cycle

Back 105

transfers nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds. soil nitrogen comes from soil bacteria

Front 106

rhizobium

Back 106

assume a form called bacteroid and they compose the nodules which are swellings on legume's roots

Front 107

crop rotation

Back 107

takes advantage of agricultural benefits of symbiotic nitrogen fixation

Front 108

mycorrhizae

Back 108

endomycorrhizae
ectomycorrhizae

Front 109

endomycorrhizae

Back 109

microscopic fungal hyphae that extends into root

Front 110

ectomycorrhizae

Back 110

mycelium of fungus forms a dense sheath over surface of root

Front 111

osmosis

Back 111

determines net uptake or water loss by a cell and is affected by solute concentration and pressure

Front 112

water potential

Back 112

water potential= 0 mPa

Front 113

aquaporins

Back 113

transport proteins in a cell membrane that allow passage of water

Front 114

symplast

Back 114

cytoplasmic continuum

Front 115

plasmodesmata

Back 115

connects cytoplasm of neighboring cells

Front 116

apoplast

Back 116

contiuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces

Front 117

sugar source

Back 117

organ that is a net producer of sugar such as mature leaves. can also be a sugar sink

Front 118

sugar sink

Back 118

organ that is a net storer or consumer of sugar, such as tubers or bulbs.

Front 119

phloem sap

Back 119

high in sucrose that travels from sugar source to sugar sink

Front 120

flowers consist of what 4 floral organs

Back 120

sepal
petal
stamen
carpel

Front 121

complete flowers

Back 121

have all 4 flower organs

Front 122

incomplete flowers

Back 122

lack one or more of the 4 floral organs

Front 123

receptacle

Back 123

part where flower attaches to stem

Front 124

which 2 of 4 flower organs are reproductive

Back 124

stamen
carpel

Front 125

which 2 of 4 flower organs are sterile

Back 125

sepals
petals

Front 126

pistel

Back 126

single carpel or group of fused carpels

Front 127

microsporangia

Back 127

male parts that contain the microsporocytes (microspore mother cells)

Front 128

microspores

Back 128

give rise to male gametophytes

Front 129

male gametophyte has 2 cells... what are they

Back 129

generative cell
tube cell

Front 130

male gametophytes and the spore wall make...

Back 130

pollen grain

Front 131

pollen tube

Back 131

produced by the tube cell. delivers sperm to female gametophyte

Front 132

female gametophyte is also known as...

Back 132

embryo sac

Front 133

calyx

Back 133

floral formula [KCAG]

Front 134

monoecious plants

Back 134

have both male and female flower parts

Front 135

rose hip is called...

Back 135

hypanthium

Front 136

ovules are called...

Back 136

megasporangium

Front 137

megasporangium

Back 137

female gametophytes are formed here

Front 138

integuments

Back 138

surround megasporangium of each ovule then the megasporocytes are formed and go through meiosis and 4 megaspores are formed, but in the end only 1 survives.

Front 139

pollination

Back 139

transfer of pollen from anther to a stigma by wind, water, or animals

Front 140

generative cell

Back 140

nucleus divides by mitosis and forms 2 sperm

Front 141

2 sperm formed by generative cell

Back 141

one forms zygote with egg in ovary with ovule and the other combines with 2 polar nuclei to form triploid (3n) nucleus in center of large central cell of female gametophyte --> endosperm

Front 142

endosperm

Back 142

food storing tissue of seed

Front 143

double fertilization

Back 143

union of 2 sperm cells that ensures endosperm develops only in the ovule

Front 144

dormancy

Back 144

stopping growth and ceasing of metabolism

Front 145

seed coat

Back 145

formed by the integuments and are protective of embryo and its food

Front 146

hypocotyl

Back 146

embryonic axis that terminates in the radicle

Front 147

radicle is also known as...

Back 147

embryonic root

Front 148

epicotyl

Back 148

point where embryonic axis and cotyledons attach

Front 149

plumule

Back 149

epicotyl, young leaves, shoot apical meristem

Front 150

coleoptile

Back 150

protects the embryo of grass seed. its protective sheathes covers young shoot

Front 151

coleorhiza

Back 151

part of coleoptile that covers young root

Front 152

germination depends on...

Back 152

imbibition

Front 153

imbibition

Back 153

uptake of water due to low water potential of dry seed

Front 154

fruit

Back 154

protects enclosed seeds

Front 155

simple fruit

Back 155

single carpel such as pea flower

Front 156

aggregate fruit

Back 156

single flower such as a rasberry

Front 157

multiple fruit

Back 157

develops from inflorescence such as pineapple

Front 158

accessory fruits

Back 158

ex: apple

Front 159

asexual reproduction

Back 159

offspring are derived from a single parent without genetic recombination

Front 160

fragmentation

Back 160

separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants. it is the most common asexual reproductive method

Front 161

vegetative reproduction

Back 161

asexual reproduction in plants

Front 162

dioecious plants

Back 162

cannot self fertilize because of staminate and carpellate flowers

Front 163

staminate flowers

Back 163

lack carpel

Front 164

carpellate flowers

Back 164

lack stamen

Front 165

callus

Back 165

undifferentiated cells at cut end of shoot

Front 166

grafting

Back 166

make it possible to combine the best qualities of different species or varieties into a single plant

Front 167

pollination

Back 167

can be transferred by wind, water, bee, moth, butterfly, fly, bird, or bat

Front 168

etiolation

Back 168

plants ability to grow in the dark

Front 169

de-etiolation

Back 169

after being in the dark and shown light, plants and shoots ability to start to grow normally

Front 170

3 stages to cell-signal processing

Back 170

reception
transduction
response

Front 171

reception

Back 171

internal and external signals are detected by receptors

Front 172

receptors

Back 172

proteins that change-->stimuli

Front 173

transduction

Back 173

second messengers transfer and amplify signals from receptors to proteins that cause responses

Front 174

response

Back 174

signal transduction pathway leads to regulation of one or more cellular activities

Front 175

transcriptional regulation

Back 175

specific transcription factors bind directly to specific regions of DNA and control transcription of genes

Front 176

positive transcription factors

Back 176

proteins that increase transcription of specific genes

Front 177

negative transcription factors

Back 177

proteins that decrease transcription of specific genes

Front 178

hormones

Back 178

chemical signals that coordinate different parts of an organism

Front 179

tropism

Back 179

any response resulting in curvature or organs toward or away from stimulus

Front 180

phototropism

Back 180

plant's response to light

Front 181

auxin

Back 181

involved in root formation and branching and is any chemical that promotes elongation of coleoptiles

Front 182

proton pump

Back 182

stimulated by auxin in plasma membrane and lowers pH in cell walls which activates the expansins

Front 183

expansins

Back 183

enzymes that loosen wall's fabric, and after loosening, the cell elongates

Front 184

cytokinins

Back 184

stimulates cytokinesis. cytokinins is produced in actively growing tissues such as roots, embryo's, and fruits. it works together with auxin to control cell division and differentiation

Front 185

cytokinesis

Back 185

cell division

Front 186

gibberellins

Back 186

stem elongation, fruit growth, seed germination

Front 187

brassinosteroids

Back 187

similar to animal sex hormones. it induces cell elongation and division in stem integuments

Front 188

seed dormancy

Back 188

germinates in optimal conditions. dormancy is broken by heavy rain, light, or cold. and it induces expression of certain genes

Front 189

drought tolerance

Back 189

enables plants to withstand droughts

Front 190

Peter Boysen-Jenson

Back 190

in 1913 he demonstrated that the signal was a mobile chemical substance

Front 191

Frits Went

Back 191

in 1926, he extracted the chemical messenger for phototropism, auxin, by modifying earlier experiments

Front 192

2 effects of abscisic acid (ABA)

Back 192

seed dormancy
drought tolerance

Front 193

triple response

Back 193

induced by ethylene.
slow stem elongation
thickening stem
horizontal growth

Front 194

senescence

Back 194

programmed death of plant cells or organs

Front 195

ethylene

Back 195

produced by plants in response to stress such as drought, flooding, mechanical pressure, injury, and infection

Front 196

leaf abscission

Back 196

change in balance of auxin and ethylene: its the process in autumn when leaves fall from trees

Front 197

apoptosis

Back 197

stimulated when ethylene bursts. It is the programmed destruction of cells, organs, or whole plants

Front 198

fruit ripening

Back 198

burst of ethylene production in fruit triggers the ripening process

Front 199

abscission layer

Back 199

change in ratio of ethylene to auxin

Front 200

photomorphogenesis

Back 200

effects of light on plant morphology

Front 201

action spectrum

Back 201

depicts the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process

Front 202

blue-light photoreceptors

Back 202

one of major light receptors along with phytochromes

Front 203

phytochromes

Back 203

red light receptor

Front 204

circadian rhythms

Back 204

internal clock that depends on synthesis of a protein regulated through feedback control and may be common to all eukaryotes. 24-hour clock for plants

Front 205

thigmomorphogenesis

Back 205

plants response to touch. growth response to touch

Front 206

phytochrome parts

Back 206

2 identical subunits
chromophore
photoreceptor activity
kinase activity