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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Water molecules are |
Polar |
|
The oxygen atom in water is slightly _____ (- or +) |
Negative (-) |
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The hydrogen atoms in water are slightly _____ (- or +) |
Positive (+) |
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The opposite charges of hydrogen and oxygen in water create_____ |
Hydrogen bonds |
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Water is a very good _ because it is charged |
Solvent |
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Charged or polar molecules such as _ _ _ dissolve readily in water |
Salts, sugars, and amino acids |
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Things that readily dissolve in water are called |
Hydrophilic |
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Things that do not dissolve well in water are called |
Hydrophobic |
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Uncharged or non-polar molecules such as _ do not dissolve readily in water |
Lipids |
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Specific heat capacity |
How many joules of energy it takes to heat 1 g of something 1 degree Celsius |
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Water's specific heat capacity |
4.2 joules |
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Water does not change _ easily |
Temperature |
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Areas close to large bodies of water have _ climates |
Steadier and more consistent |
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Water requires _ to change states from a liquid to a gas |
A lot of energy |
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Latent Heat of vaporization |
Water requires a lot of energy to change state from a liquid into a gas |
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Latent heat of fusion |
Water requires a lot of heat to change from a solid into a liquid |
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Cohesion ( of water ) |
Water molecules stick together due to there hydrogen bonds |
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Ionisation |
Molecules that are weak acids ionize in solution. Think salt dissolving |
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Special properties of water: (8) |
Solvent, specific heat capacity, latent heat of vaporization, latent heat of fusion, density, cohesion, ionisation, pH |
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Acid |
Proton donor - donates hydrogen ions when dissolved in water or donates proton in chemical reaction |
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Base |
Proton receiver - provides OH- ions when dissolved in water |
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A base can be |
Negatively charged or neutral |
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A base must have |
A lone pair of electrons |
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Water is both _ and a _ |
Acid, base |
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Substances that can act as an acid or a base are called |
Amphoteric |
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The pH scale ranges from _ to _ |
0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic or alkaline) |
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The neutral point on the pH scale is |
7 |
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On the pH scale each transition from number to number represents a _ change in __ |
A 10-fold change in proton concentration and hence in acidity |
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Buffers |
Chemicals that resist pH changes - they can accept H+ ions or donate H+ ions |
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Lipids are made mostly of _ and _ atoms |
Carbon and hydrogen atoms |
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Lipids are _ (polar or non-polar) |
Nonpolar |
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Fat |
Large lipid made from glycerol and fatty acids |
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The hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid is |
Hydrophobic |
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A synonym for fat is |
Triglyceride |
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The main function of fats is |
Energy storage |
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Fatty acids with double bonds are |
Unsaturated |
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Unsaturated fatty acids are _ at room temperature |
Liquids |
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Most animal fats are |
Saturated |
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Most plant fats are |
Unsaturated |
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Animal fats in our diets can lead to |
Heart disease/ plaque clogging our blood vessels |
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Phospholipids are a major component of |
Cell membranes |
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Phospholipids are similar in structure to _ except that they contain _ and have _ fatty acids |
Fats, phosphorus, 2 |
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Waxes |
One fatty acid linked to an alcohol, lipid |
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Steriods |
Carbon skeleton forms four fused rings, lipid |
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All steroids have the same ring pattern: _ _ sided rings and _ _ sided ring |
3 6-sided rings and 1 5-sided ring |
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A common steroid in animal cell membranes is |
Cholesterol |
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Animal cells use _ as a starting point to synthesize other steroids such as _ |
Cholesterol, sex hormones |
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To much cholesterol in the body can lead to |
Heart disease |
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Anabolic steroids |
Synthetic variants of testosterone |
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Athletes may (illegally) use anabolic steroids to |
Increase muscles and performance level |
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Negative effects of anabolic steroids: |
Depression, organ damage, cancer, increased risk of cardiovascular problems, reduced output of natural male hormones - which can cause: shrunken testicles, reduced sex drive, infertility, and breast enlargement in men. In teens growth may be stunted |
|
Lipids |
Fats, phospholipids, waxes and steroids |
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Waxes are formed by |
An ester linkage between a saturated, long chain fatty acid and a saturated, long chain alcohol |
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The "heads" of phospholipids are |
Hydrophilic |
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The fatty acid "tail" of a phospholipid is |
Hydrophobic |
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All lipids are |
Non-polar, hydrophobic, and insoluble in water |
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Lipids are not |
Polymers |
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Except for hydrogen and helium, atoms of all elements "want" _ electrons in there outer shell |
8 |
|
Elements in Main Group 3 of the periodic table have how many electrons in there outer shell? |
3 |
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In an ionic bond one atom |
Either gives or receives electrons to/from another atom |
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Elements in main group 1 tend to (give or receive) how many electrons? |
Give 1 electron |
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If an atom receives 2 electrons it becomes a _ with a (+ or -) charge of what magnitude? |
Ion, +, +2 |
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If an element is very electronegative, how strongly does it attract electrons? |
Very strongly |
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A covalent bond is a chemical bond in which |
One or more pair of electrons is shared between atoms |
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If atom a is very electronegative and is covalently bonded to atom B, which is not very electronegative, where will the electron density be highest? |
Close to atom A |
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In a water molecule, describe the density of electrons close to oxygen: _ and close to each hydrogen nucleus: _ |
High, low |
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In a water molecule the bond between oxygen and hydrogen is |
A covalent bond |
|
Hydrogen bond |
A weak bond between neighboring water molecules, partial negative charge on an oxygen atom of one water molecule is attracted to partial positive charge on hydrogen of neighboring water molecules |
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Glucose |
A 6-carbon monosaccharide: fuel; our blood sugar |
|
Maltose |
A 12-carbon disaccharide |
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Surcrose |
The most common disaccharide, table sugar, C12, H22, O11 |
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The 3 polysaccharides: |
Starch, glycogen, and cellulose |