Biology Test 1

Front 1

Characteristics of all living things

Back 1

1. Composed of one or more cells
2. Can reproduce
3. Acquire/use energy
4. Grow and develop
5. Respond to their enviroment to maintain homeostasis

Front 2

Water molecules attract other molecules
This is called _.

Back 2

Hydrogen bonding

Front 3

Water molecules attract other __ molecules.

Back 3

polar

Front 4

Water molecules repel _ molecules.

Back 4

nonpolar

Front 5

Example of polar and nonpolar molecules

Back 5

polar - water, sugar
nonpolar - oil

Front 6

Polar molecules are _.

Back 6

hydrophilic

Front 7

Nonpolar molecules are _.

Back 7

Hydrophobic

Front 8

Water absorbs a great deal of _ before temperature increases

Back 8

heat

Front 9

Why does water absorb heat?

Back 9

Added energy disrupts hydrogen bonding between molecules, not effecting molecules themself

Front 10

Because ice floats _.

Back 10

it can insulate water beneath it

Front 11

Cohesion:

Back 11

has capacity to resist rupturing under tension

Front 12

___ causes high surface tension

Back 12

hydrogen bonding

Front 13

Solvent

Back 13

substance in which something in dissolved

Front 14

Because water molecules are polar _.

Back 14

ions and other polar solutes dissolve in it

Front 15

Positive parts of solute are surrounded by _.

Back 15

negative parts of solvent

Front 16

Negative parts of solute are surrounded by _.

Back 16

politice parts of solvent

Front 17

When NaCl is dissolved in water ____ surround ion.

Back 17

"spheres of hydration"

Front 18

The pH scale is based on ___.

Back 18

Ion concentration

Front 19

pH of body fluids

Back 19

7.35 - 7.45

Front 20

Example of strong acid

Back 20

HCl

Front 21

Example of weak acid

Back 21

HC(2)H(3)O(2)

Front 22

Strong acids ___.

Back 22

completely dissociate in water

Front 23

Weak acids ___.

Back 23

do not completely dissociate in water

Front 24

Buffer:

Back 24

resists slight changes in pH

Front 25

Buffers are formed from what?

Back 25

Weak acid (or base) and salt of that acid (or base)

Front 26

What is an example of a buffer?

Back 26

Acetic acid/sodium acetate buffer

Front 27

If excess acid in a buffer, _.

Back 27

Hydrogen ions combine with acetate to form acetic acid

Front 28

If excess base in buffer, _.

Back 28

Hydroxide ions neutralized by hydrogen ions from acetic acid

Front 29

Amino acids:

Back 29

subunits of proteins

Front 30

Amino acids have two groups:

Back 30

amino group and carboxyl group

Front 31

Amino acids have two groups bonded to ___.

Back 31

alpha carbon

Front 32

Amino group:

Back 32

-NH(2)

Front 33

Carboxyl Group:

Back 33

-COOH

Front 34

Amino acids act as _.

Back 34

buffers

Front 35

The carboxyl group can _ a hydrogen atom.

Back 35

donate

Front 36

The amino group can _ a hydrogen.

Back 36

accept

Front 37

Amino acids link together by _.

Back 37

dehydration synthesis

Front 38

Dehydration synthesis:

Back 38

Carboxyl carbon of one amino acid bonds to an amino nitrogen of a second

Front 39

__ can contain hundreds of amino acids

Back 39

polypeptide

Front 40

Backbone of polypeptide chain contains repeating sequence of ___.

Back 40

N-C-C-N-C-C

Front 41

__ groups extend from backbone in polypeptide

Back 41

R

Front 42

Primary structure:

Back 42

sequence of amino acids

Front 43

Secondary Structure:

Back 43

result of hydrogen bonding in backbone

Front 44

Types of secondary structures

Back 44

alpha helix
beta pleated sheet

Front 45

Tertiary structure:

Back 45

interaction of side chains

Front 46

Interactions of the side chains in amino acids

Back 46

1. Hydrogen bonding between R groups of amino acid subunit
2. Ionic attractions between R gorups of opposite charge
3. Disulfide bonds/bridges that link sulfur atoms of two cysteine amino acids

Front 47

Quaternary Structure:

Back 47

interaction among polypeptide chains

Front 48

example of quaternary strucutre

Back 48

hemoglobin

Front 49

Denaturation:

Back 49

change in shape or biological activity of protein

Front 50

What causes denaturation:

Back 50

changes in 3-dimensional structure
-heat, pH changes, exposure to certain chemicals

Front 51

functions of nucleic acids

Back 51

1. store and transmit hereditary information
2. determine the proteins that a cell will manufacture

Front 52

Two classes of nucleic acids (or examples)

Back 52

DNA and RNA

Front 53

DNA ___.

Back 53

makes up genes

Front 54

RNA helps direct ___.

Back 54

synthesis of protein

Front 55

RNA does what?

Back 55

1. Carry information from nucleus to ribosome
2. Assembles amino acids in correct sequence
3. Some (ribozymes) act as biological catalyst (aka enzymes)

Front 56

Nucleic acids are polymers of _.

Back 56

nucleotides

Front 57

Each nucleic acid consists of

Back 57

-5-carbon sugar (Deoxyribose in DNA and Ribose in RNA)
-Phosphate group
-Nitrogenous base

Front 58

The individual units of the nucleic acid are held together by __.

Back 58

phosphodiester bonds

Front 59

Each carbon atom contains _.

Back 59

valence electrons

Front 60

How does a carbon atom complete its valence shell?

Back 60

by forming four covalent bonds

Front 61

Carbon atoms bond to other carbon atoms to form ___.

Back 61

large, complex molecules (straight chains, branches, rings)

Front 62

Isomers:

Back 62

compounds with same molecular formulas but different strucutres/properties

Front 63

Structural isomers:

Back 63

differ in arrangement of atoms

Front 64

Geometric isomers:

Back 64

idntical in arrangement of bonds but different in arrangement in space of atoms/groups of atoms

Front 65

Example of geometric isomers

Back 65

cis/trans arrangements

Front 66

Stereoisomers:

Back 66

molecules in which part are mirror images of the other

Front 67

Polymers:

Back 67

large molecule (macromolecule) formed by jointing together many smaller units (monomers)

Front 68

Polymers can be broken down to monomers by _.

Back 68

hydrolysis

Front 69

Monomers are linked together by _.

Back 69

dehydration synthesis

Front 70

Carbohydrates:

Back 70

sugars, starches, cellulose -[CH(2)O](n)

Front 71

Types of carbohydrates

Back 71

monosaccharides (simple sugars) and disaccharides

Front 72

Monosaccharides:

Back 72

simple sugars

Front 73

Disaccharides

Back 73

Double sugars formed by linking two monosaccharides

Front 74

Most abundant monosaccharide

Back 74

glucose

Front 75

fructose is a structural isomer of _.

Back 75

glucose

Front 76

galactose is a stereoisomer of _.

Back 76

glucose

Front 77

Maltose =

Back 77

alpha-glucose + alpha-glucose

Front 78

Sucrose =

Back 78

glucose + fructose

Front 79

Lactose =

Back 79

glucose + galactose

Front 80

Polysaccharides:

Back 80

polymers of monosaccharide monomers (starch, glycogen, cellulose)

Front 81

Starch:

Back 81

consists of alpha 1-4 linkages

Front 82

starch occurs in two forms

Back 82

amylose and amylopectin

Front 83

amylose:

Back 83

unbranched chain

Front 84

amylopectin:

Back 84

branched chain

Front 85

Glycogen:

Back 85

animal starch, more branched

Front 86

animal starch, more branched

Back 86

glycogen

Front 87

cellulose:

Back 87

mnay glucose molecules joined together

Front 88

what does cellulose consist of?

Back 88

beta 1-4 linkages

Front 89

Lipids:

Back 89

fats, oils, waxes

Front 90

Lipids are nonpolar or polar?

Back 90

nonpolar

Front 91

Uses of lipids

Back 91

1. energy storage
2. strucuture (cell membrane)
3. signaling molecules

Front 92

Strcuture of fats

Back 92

one to three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

Front 93

Fatty acids consist of :

Back 93

1. long chain of carbon atoms
2. Carboxyl group at one end (bonds to glycerol)
3. Glycerol is a 3-carbon hydrocarbon

Front 94

Saturated fatty acids contain only ___.

Back 94

single bonds between carton atoms

Front 95

Unsaturated fatty acids contain ___.

Back 95

at least one double bond

Front 96

Saturated fatty acids are found in

Back 96

animals

Front 97

unsaturated fatty acids are found in

Back 97

plants

Front 98

Structure of phospholipids

Back 98

1. Glycerol backbone
2. Two fatty acids
3. Phosphate + polar group (dissolves in water)

Front 99

Phospholipids are the ___.

Back 99

main part of cell membrane

Front 100

Sterols:

Back 100

lipids with no fatty acids

Front 101

Sterols all have:

Back 101

backbone of four fused carbon rings

Front 102

Most common sterol:

Back 102

cholesterol

Front 103

Cholesterol is converted into:

Back 103

1. Vitamin D (bones/teeth)
2. Steroids (sex hormones)
3. Bile salts (digest fats in small intestine)

Front 104

___ are nucleic acids that also act as biological catalysts.

Back 104

Ribozymes

Front 105

Nucleic acids are polymers of individual units known as __.

Back 105

nucleotides

Front 106

The covalent bonds that connect amino acids in a protein molecule are known as _.

Back 106

peptide bonds

Front 107

The name of the process whereby large molecules (polymers) are split into smaller molecules (monomers) by the addition of water

Back 107

hydrolysis

Front 108

An example of a disaccharide, or double sugar

Back 108

sucrose, maltose

Front 109

The highly-branches polysaccharide found in animals (and sometimes called animal starch)

Back 109

glycogen

Front 110

A structural isomer of glucose is the monosaccharide _.

Back 110

fructose