Biology Spring Final

Front 1

What do all organisms have in common that allow genetic engineering to be possible?

Back 1

Genetic Code

Front 2

Describe gene knockout organisms and give an example

Back 2

Gene Knockout- genetic manipulation in which one or more of an organisms genes are prevented from being expressed

Example- A mouse's gene which controlled food distribution was turned off and the mice became obese

Front 3

What is a clone?

Back 3

A genetically identical copy of a single gene or an entire organism

Front 4

Describe how gel electrophoresis works.

Back 4

An electrical current is used to separate a mixture of DNA fragments from each other

Front 5

What does the SIZE of bands represent in gel electrophoresis?

Back 5

It represents the distance it travels through a gel in a certain period of time

Front 6

What is the function of PCR? What is produced?

Back 6

PCR is the process of DNA replication that produces millions of copies of a specific DNA sequence

Front 7

Define genomics

Back 7

The study and comparison of genomes within a single species or among different species

Front 8

Define adaptation. What is an advantage of an adaptation?

Back 8

An adaptation is a feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment. The advantage is that you will more likely survive and reproduce more

Front 9

Define population and give an example

Back 9

A population is all the individuals of a species that live in an area.

Example- tortoises of the Galapagos Islands

Front 10

Define vestigial structure and give 2 examples

Back 10

A vestigial structure are organs that you have that have no use anymore

Examples- human appendix and wings of an ostrich

Front 11

What observations did Charles Darwin make about finches in the Galapagos Islands?

Back 11

A drought reduced the amount of the small, soft seeds that finches preffered. However there were still large seeds and the large-beaked finches survived while the ones that couldn't open those seeds died. He saw that as the environment changed, different traits became beneficial.

Front 12

Name the scientist who developed a classification for organisms

Back 12

Linnaeus

Front 13

What is the difference between uniformitarianism and catastrophism?

Back 13

Catastrophism is the theory that states that natural disasters such as floods have happened often during Earth's long history

Uniformitarianism proposes geological processes that shape Earth are uniform through time

Front 14

Give an example of catastrophism

Back 14

A flood or volcanic eruption

Front 15

What is the difference beyween homologous structures and analogous structures?

Back 15

Homologous structures are features that have the same structure but different functions

Analogous structures are structures that perform a similar function but come from different ancestors

Front 16

Modern dogs evolves from wolves due to humans breeding particular canines with desired traits. What is the name of this process?

Back 16

Artificial selection

Front 17

Write a detailed description of natural selection

Back 17

There is a population of birds in an area and they eat small nuts. A drought stops these nuts for growing and they are forced to eat a larger harder to break nut. The birds with the a larger beak are able to break the nuts so they survive while the birds with small beaks that can't break these nuts die off. The birds with favorable traits survive

Front 18

Natural selection results in change over time by acting on traits that are ________.

Back 18

Beneficial mutations

Front 19

Define biogeography

Back 19

The study of the distribution of organisms around the world

Front 20

What is the term for structures that were useful to ancestors.

Back 20

Vestigal structure

Front 21

Name the theory that ties the fields of biology and geology together

Back 21

Biogeography

Front 22

Give a detailed description of a gene pool

Back 22

A gene pool is the combined alleles of all the organisms in a population

In a population of 10 frogs, 4 could have green skin while 6 could have browns skin. The combination of both these types of frogs is a gene pool

Front 23

List the two main sources of genetic variation

Back 23

Gene Flow and Genetic Drift

Front 24

List the 3 types of selection

Back 24

Directional selection

Stabilizing selection

Disruptive selection

Front 25

Which type of selection favors intermediate phenotypes?

Back 25

Stabilizing Selection

Front 26

Which type of selection favors both extremes?

Back 26

Disruptive Selection

Front 27

Which type of selection favors only one extreme?

Back 27

Directional Selection

Front 28

Describe genetic drift

Back 28

Variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population

Front 29

Give an example of the bottleneck effect

Back 29

A group of birds are flying over the ocean when a storm kills 90% of them ☺

Front 30

Define all of the following: founder effect, microevolution, and gene flow

Back 30

Founder effect: the reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors

Microevolution: evolutionary change with a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period

Gene flow: the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another

Front 31

Which type of reproductive isolation occurs when the timing of reproduction is different between two populations?

Back 31

Temporal isolation

Front 32

The Hardy-Weinberg concept assumes that ________ is NOT occuring

Back 32

mutation, natural selection, and migration

Front 33

Define coevolution and give two examples

Back 33

Process in which two or more species evolve in response to each other

Ex: plants and bugs

Front 34

What is the difference beyween divergent and convergent evolution?

Back 34

Divergent evolution: evolution of one or more closely related species into different species

Convergent Evolution: evolution towards towards similar characteristics in unrelated species

Front 35

Define Evolutionary tree

Back 35

Model that shows how living things are related

Front 36

Define Linnaean taxonomy

Back 36

Science of classifying and naming organisms

Front 37

Define Cladogram

Back 37

Diagram that displays proposed evolutionary relationships among a group of species

Front 38

Define Molecular clock

Back 38

Theoretical clock that uses the rate of mutation to measure evolutionary time

Front 39

Define Binomial nomenclature

Back 39

Naming system in which each species is given a two-part scientific name in latin

Front 40

List all the kingdoms. Which Kingdom is the most abundant on earth?

Back 40

Plants, Animals, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi

Most abundant is animal

Front 41

List all the Linnaean taxonomy in the correct order from general to specific

Back 41

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Front 42

What is the purpose of molecular clocks?

Back 42

Molecular clocks measure evolutionary time, using mutation rates

Front 43

Define Clade

Back 43

Group of organisms that share certain traits derived from a common ancestor

Front 44

Define Outgroup

Back 44

Group of species that shares no derived characteristics with the other groups being studied

Front 45

Define Derived character

Back 45

Trait that differs in structure or function from that found in constructing cladograms

Front 46

In the 1860s, all single-celled organisms were placed in their own kingdom called _____.

Back 46

Bacteria

Front 47

List the taxonomy of humans from domain to species

Back 47

Bacteria, Arcadia, Eukarya

Front 48

List the infectious organisms from smallest to largest: virus, prion, bacteria, and viroid

Back 48

Bacteria, virus, viroid, prion

Front 49

The genetic material of a virus consists of ______ or ______.

Back 49

DNA/RNA

Front 50

List the three shapes of bacteria

Back 50

Enveloped, helical, polyhedral

Front 51

Is polyhedral the shape of a capsid of a virus or the outer membrane of a bacteria?

Back 51

The shape of a capsid

Front 52

Define for describe a viral capsid

Back 52

A capsid is a protein shell that surrounds a virus

Front 53

What is the difference between a prion and a viroid?

Back 53

Prion: infectious agent that consists of a protein fragment that can cause other proteins to fold incorrectly

Viroid: infectious particles made of single-stranded RNA without a protein coat, that almost always use as plants as their host

Front 54

How does the DNA of a bacteriophage enter a host cell?

Back 54

Tail and spikes attached the virus to the host cell

Front 55

What is the difference between lytic infection versus lysogenic infection?

Back 55

Lytic infection: infectious pathway of a virus in which host cells are destroyed

Lysogenic infection: infectious pathway of a virus in which host cells are not immediately destroyed

Front 56

What is the difference between a bacterial plasmid and a prophage?

Back 56

Plasmid: Circular piece of genetic material found in bacteria that can replicate separately from the DNA of the main chromosome

Prophage: DNA of a bacteriophage inserted into a host of DNA

Front 57

Define feedback

Back 57

Information that is compared with a set of ideal values and aids with maintaining homeostasis

Front 58

Define differentiation

Back 58

Process by which committed cells acquire the structures and functions of highly specialized cells

Front 59

Define determination

Back 59

Process by which stem cells become committed to develop into only one type of cell

Front 60

Define thermoregulation

Back 60

Process of the body maintaining a stable internal temperature under various conditions

Front 61

Name the type of cell that can become any type of cell

Back 61

Stem cell

Front 62

What is the simplest level of organization in the body?

Back 62

Cell

Front 63

List the order of the hierarchy of organization in the body?

Back 63

Cell, tissue, organ, organ systems, organisms

Front 64

What do hormones and neurotransmitters have in common?

Back 64

Both have chemical signals

Front 65

What is the difference between hormones and neurotransmitters?

Back 65

Hormone: chemical signal that is produced in one part of an organism and affects cell activity in another part

Neurotransmitter: chemical that transmits a nervous system's signal across the synapse

Front 66

Define all of the following terms: organisms, tissues, cells, organs

Back 66

Organism: any individual living thing

Tissue: a group of cells that work together to perform a similar function

Cell: basic unit of life

Organs: group of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or related functions

Front 67

Which type of cell goes through determination process?

Back 67

Stem cell

Front 68

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?

Back 68

Positive feedback: control system in which sensory information causes the body to increase the rate of change away from homeostasis Negative feedback: control system for homeostasis that adjust the body's conditions when the conditions vary from the ideal

Negative feedback: control system for homeostasis that adjust the body's conditions when the conditions vary from the ideal

Front 69

What is a specialized cell?

Back 69

First level of organization in a multicellular organism

Front 70

Name 5 organ systems of the body and their functions

Back 70

Digestive: breaks down and absorbs nutrients - eliminates waste

Endocrine: influences growth, development, and metabolism

Excretory: eliminates waste

Immune: protects body against disease Respiratory: brings in oxygen for cells

Respiratory: brings in oxygen for cells

Front 71

Describe a reflex

Back 71

A reflex is an action in response to a stimulus without thought

Front 72

How does the liver help to regulate glucose levels in the blood?

Back 72

The liver stores nutrients in its tissue. When you need energy, glycocen is converted into glucose to keep glucose levels stable in the blood

Front 73

Define apoptosis

Back 73

Programmed cell death

Front 74

On a hot day, what is observable evidence that thermoregulation is occurring?

Back 74

Sweating

Front 75

Define thermoregulation and give an example

Back 75

Thermoregulation is the process of maintaining a steady body temperature under a variety of conditions

Ex: sweat

Front 76

What is the difference between determination and differentiation?

Back 76

Most stem cells become committed to develop into only one type of cell while differentiation is a process by which committed cells aquire the structure and functions of highly specialized cell

Front 77

Which type of cell goes through the determination process ?

Back 77

Stem cells

Front 78

List the level of organization of the body from the simplest level to the most complex

Back 78

Cells ---> Tissues ---> Organs ---> Organ Systems ---> Organism

Front 79

Draw a neuron and list all the parts and functions of a neuron

Back 79

Front 80

Define action potential

Back 80

An action potential is the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.

Front 81

The nervous system and the endocrine system have the same basic functions. Determine the similar function

Back 81

Controls parts of the body

Front 82

Describe a reflex and its pass within the nervous system. Do messages travel to the brain during a reflex?

Back 82

Reflex - involuntary movements controlled by spinal cord

No they don't

Front 83

What is the difference between a sensory neuron, interneuron, and a motor neuron

Back 83

Sensory neuron - detects stimuli and transmits signals to the brain and spinal cord

Interneuron - receives signals from sensory neurons and relays them

Motor neuron - passes messages from nervous system to other tissues in the body, such as muscles

Front 84

Name the type of blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart

Back 84

Veins

Front 85

What is the difference between pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation?

Back 85

Pulmonary circulation goes from the heart to the lungs while systemic circulation goes from the heart to the rest of the body

Front 86

What is the function of red blood cells

Back 86

Red blood cells pick up oxygen from the lungs to deliver to the rest of the body

Front 87

What is the function of white blood cells?

Back 87

White blood cells help body fight off against infection and remove foreign materials

Front 88

Describe the major function of the lymphatic system

Back 88

Collects excess fluid that leaks out of the blood capillaries into the area between the cells

Front 89

What is the difference between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes?

Back 89

B lymphocytes - produce proteins that inactivate pathogens that have not yet infected a body cell

T lymphocytes destroy body cells that are infected with a pathogen

Front 90

Why do B cells shoot antibodies at pathogens?

Back 90

To clump them together so it would be easier for the phagocytes to engulf them

Front 91

Which type of cells does an autoimmune disease attack, healthy or non-healthy cells?

Back 91

Healthy

Front 92

List the three ways in which HIV is spread

Back 92

Sexual intercourse

Blood

Infected needles

Front 93

What is the difference between a population and the community?

Back 93

A population is a group of same species that live together in one area while a community is a group of different species that live together in one area

Front 94

Define biodiversity

Back 94

The assortment and variety of living things in an ecosystem

Front 95

Which level of the energy pyramid provides most of the energy in an ecosystem?

Back 95

Producers

Front 96

What is a producer?

Back 96

An organism that gets their energy from nonliving resources

Front 97

Define ecology

Back 97

The study of interactions among living things and and their surroundings

Front 98

What is the function of decomposers?

Back 98

To break down organic matter into simpler compounds

Front 99

What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

Back 99

Food chain - sequence that links species by their feeding relationships

Food web - model that shows complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy within and sometimes beyond an ecosystem