Biology- Session 2

Front 1

Cell theory

Back 1

states that all organism are composed of cells, cells are the structural and functional unit of organisms, cells come only from preexisting cells

Front 2

compound light microscopes

Back 2

use light rays focused by glass lenses

Front 3

transmission electron microscopes

Back 3

use electrons passing through specimen, focused by magnets

Front 4

magnification

Back 4

function of wavelength

Front 5

resolution

Back 5

minimum distance between two objects at which they can still be seen as separate objects

Front 6

Resolution

Back 6

minimum distance between two objects at which they can still be seen as separate objects

Front 7

Immunofluoresence microscopy

Back 7

uses fluorescent antibodies to reveal proteins in cells

Front 8

confocal microscopy

Back 8

uses laser beam to focus on a shallow plane within a cell, computer can create a 3D image from these

Front 9

video enhanced contrast microscopy

Back 9

accentuates the light and dark regions and may use a computer to contrast regions with false colors

Front 10

Different types of light microscopes

Back 10

bright field, phase contrast, differential interference, darkfield

Front 11

Prokaryotic cells

Back 11

lack a nucleus, smaller than eukaryotic cells, bacteria and archaea

Front 12

Three shapes of bacteria

Back 12

spherical coccus, rod-shaped bacillus, spiral spirillum

Front 13

mesomomes

Back 13

increase the internal surface area of the membrane for enzyme attachment

Front 14

capsule

Back 14

organized and not easily removed

Front 15

slime layer

Back 15

not organized and easily removed

Front 16

cytoplasm

Back 16

semifluid solution containing water, inorganic and organic molecules, and enzymes

Front 17

nucleoid

Back 17

region that contains the single, circular DNA molecule

Front 18

plasmids

Back 18

small accesory rings of DNA, not part of the bacterial genetic material

Front 19

ribosomes

Back 19

particles with two RNA and protein containing subunits that synthesize proteins

Front 20

inclusion bodies

Back 20

cytoplasm are granules of stored substances

Front 21

cyanobacteria

Back 21

bacteria that photosynthesize, lack chloroplasts but have thylakoids containing chlorophyll and other pigments

Front 22

sex pili

Back 22

tubes used by bacteria to pass DNA from cell to cell

Front 23

eukaryotic cells

Back 23

much bigger than prokaryotes, includes fungi, protists, plants, and animals, nucleus

Front 24

mithochondria

Back 24

plant and animal cells

Front 25

chloroplasts

Back 25

plant cells

Front 26

chromatin

Back 26

threadlike material that coils into chromosomes just before cell division occurs, contains DNA, RNA and some proteins

Front 27

nucleoplasm

Back 27

semifluid medium of the nucleus

Front 28

chromosomes

Back 28

rodlike structures formed during cell division,

Front 29

nucleolous

Back 29

dark region of chromatin inside the nucleus,

Front 30

endomembrane system

Back 30

series of intracellular membranes that comparmentalize the cell,

Front 31

Rough ER

Back 31

studded with ribosomes on the cytoplasm side, proteins are sythesized and enter the ER interior for processing and modification

Front 32

Smooth ER

Back 32

lacks ribosomes, various synthetic process, detoxification, and storage

Front 33

Lysosomes

Back 33

membrane-bounded vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus, contain powerful digestive enzymes and are highly acidic,

Front 34

Apoptosis

Back 34

programmed cell death

Front 35

Perixomes

Back 35

membrane bounded vesicles that contain specific enzymes

Front 36

vacuoles

Back 36

mebranous sacs and are larger than vesicles, store substances

Front 37

chloroplasts

Back 37

membranous organelles that serve as the site of photosynthesis

Front 38

cytoskeleton

Back 38

network of connected filaments and tubules, extends from the nucleus to plasma membranes in eukaryotes

Front 39

Actin filaments

Back 39

play a structural role, consists of two chains of globular actin monomers twisted to form a helix, move by interacting with myosin

Front 40

Intermediate filaments

Back 40

rope like assemblies of fibrous polypeptides, support nuclear envelope, support plasma membrane and form cell to cell junctions

Front 41

microtubes

Back 41

composed of globular protein tubulin, main MTOC is called centrosome

Front 42

centrioles

Back 42

short cylinders with a ring pattern of microtubule triplets, basal bodies for cilia and flagella

Front 43

cilia

Back 43

short, usually hairlike projections that can move in an undulating fashion

Front 44

flagella

Back 44

longer, usually fewer projections that move in whip-like fashion

Front 45

Fluid- mosaic model

Back 45

plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, in which protein molecules are embedded- scattered throughout membrane in an irregular pattern

Front 46

non- polar tails

Back 46

hydrophobic, directed inward

Front 47

polar heads

Back 47

hydrophilic,

Front 48

Cholesteral

Back 48

lipid found in animal plasma membranes, stiffens and strengthens the membrane

Front 49

glycolipids

Back 49

structure similar to phospholipids except the hydrophilic head is a variety of sugar

Front 50

glycoproteins

Back 50

attached carbohydrate chain of sugar that protects externally

Front 51

channel proteins

Back 51

allow a particular membrane to cross freely

Front 52

carrier proteins

Back 52

selectively interact with a specific molecule so it can cross the plasma membrane

Front 53

cell recognition proteins

Back 53

glycoproteins that allow the body's immune system to distinguish between foreign invaders and body cells

Front 54

receptor proteins

Back 54

shaped so a specific molecule can bind to it

Front 55

enzymatic proteins

Back 55

carry out specific metabolic reactions

Front 56

active transport

Back 56

requires a carrier protein and uses energy (ATP) to move molecules across a plasma membrane

Front 57

diffusion

Back 57

movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

Front 58

solute

Back 58

usually a solid

Front 59

solvent

Back 59

usually a liquid

Front 60

osmosis

Back 60

diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane

Front 61

tonicity

Back 61

strength of a solution with respect to osmotic pressure

Front 62

isotonic solution

Back 62

occurs when the relative solute concentrations of two solutions are equal

Front 63

hypotonic solution

Back 63

solute concentration that is less than another solution, water enters the cell and it may undergo cytosis (cell bursting)

Front 64

turgor pressure

Back 64

swelling of a plant cell in a hypotonic solution, plants maintain an erect position

Front 65

hypertonic solution

Back 65

solution has a solute concentration that is higher than another solution, when a cell is placed in this is shrivels

Front 66

plasmolysis

Back 66

shrinking of cytoplasm due to osmosis in a hypertonic solution,

Front 67

facilitated transport

Back 67

transport of a specific solute down or with its concentration gradient, facilitated by a carrier protein

Front 68

active transport

Back 68

transport of a specific solute across plasma membranes up or against its concentration gradient through use of cellular energy (ATP)

Front 69

exocytosis

Back 69

vesicle formed by the Golgi apparatus fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs,

Front 70

endocytosis

Back 70

cells take in substances by vesicle formation as plasma membrane pinches off by either phagocytosis, pinocytosis, or receptor mediated

Front 71

phagocytosis

Back 71

cells engulf large particles, forming an endocytic vesicle, ambeiod type cells

Front 72

pinocytosis

Back 72

occurs when vesicles form around a liquid or very small particles

Front 73

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 73

occurs when specific macromolecules bind to plasma membrane receptors

Front 74

desosomes

Back 74

single point of attachment between adjacent cells connects the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells

Front 75

proteoglycans

Back 75

glycoproteins that provide a packing gel that joins the various proteins in matrix and most likely regulate signaling proteins