Biology Semester Exam Study Guide

Front 1

The work of scientists generally begins with making _________ and asking _________.

Back 1

Observations, questions

Front 2

When enough experimental data support a hypothesis, the hypothesis becomes a (an) ________.

Back 2

Theory

Front 3

Thinking that someone is at the door when you hear the doorbell ring is an example of a (an) ________.

Back 3

Inference

Front 4

The idea that "all living things are made of cells" is a ________.

Back 4

Theory

Front 5

An experiment that tests the effect of a single variable is called a ________ experiment.

Back 5

Controlled

Front 6

Write a valid hypothesis for why a plant appears to be dying.

Back 6

The plant is not being watered enough.

Front 7

The most common elements in most living things are ________, _________, __________, and _________.

Back 7

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen.

Front 8

A _________ describes a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

Back 8

Compound

Front 9

The nucleus is made up of ________ and ________.

Back 9

Protons, neutrons

Front 10

In chemical reactions, atoms are ________.

Back 10

Rearranged

Front 11

What makes up a molecule of water?

Back 11

Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Front 12

Ice floats on water because its molecules are _______ densely packed than those in liquid water.

Back 12

Less

Front 13

If an atom contains 11 protons and 12 neutrons, its atomic number is ______.

Back 13

11

Front 14

When hydrogen and oxygen combine and form water, water is a _______.

Back 14

Product

Front 15

When salt is dissolved in water, water is the _______.

Back 15

Solvent

Front 16

Light microscopes can magnify objects up to about _______ times their actual size.

Back 16

1000

Front 17

A ________ is the organelle you would expect to find in plant cells but not in animal cells.

Back 17

Chloroplast

Front 18

The _______ is the cell structure that contains genetic material.

Back 18

Nucleus

Front 19

The main function of the cell wall is to protect the _______ and maintain its _______.

Back 19

Cell, shape

Front 20

Diffusion is the net movement of molecules from an area of _______ concentration to an area of _______ concentration.

Back 20

High, low

Front 21

Organisms that cannot make their own food and must obtain energy from the foods they eat are called ________.

Back 21

Heterotrophs

Front 22

Which process is used to make bread rise?

Back 22

Alcoholic fermentation

Front 23

One cause of muscle soreness and fatigue is _________.

Back 23

Lactic acid fermentation

Front 24

Milk is converted to yogurt under certain conditions when the microorganisms in the milk produce acid. Which process would you expect to be key in the production of yogurt?

Back 24

Lactic acid fermentation

Front 25

Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into _______ and _______.

Back 25

Oxygen, sugars

Front 26

Most plants appear green because chlorophyll does not _______ green light.

Back 26

Absorb

Front 27

Which step is the beginning of photosynthesis?

Back 27

Pigments in the first photosystem absorb light.

Front 28

Which is a function of the cerebrum?

Back 28

Controls conscious activities of the body.

Front 29

The ability to move your right hand is controlled by the _______ hemisphere of the cerebrum.

Back 29

Left

Front 30

Your ability to think about a question and answer it correctly is directly controlled by the _______ ________.

Back 30

Cerebral cortex

Front 31

A blood pressure reading of 120/180 indicates a systolic blood pressure of ______.

Back 31

120

Front 32

Swollen lymph nodes might indicate _______.

Back 32

Infection

Front 33

The function of valves in the heart is to prevent the _______ _______ of blood.

Back 33

Backward flow

Front 34

When an infection occurs, the number of white blood cells _______.

Back 34

Increase

Front 35

Which blood cells are most numerous in the body?

Back 35

Red

Front 36

The body's nonspecific defenses against invading pathogens include _______, _______, and _______.

Back 36

Mucus, sweat, tears

Front 37

The inflammatory response can cause _______, _______, and _______.

Back 37

Pain, swelling, redness

Front 38

An immune response is triggered by an _______.

Back 38

Antigen

Front 39

When a person receives a vaccine, his or her body produces ________ cells that provide resistant to that pathogen.

Back 39

Memory

Front 40

HIV weakens the immune system by killing mainly _______ cells.

Back 40

Helper T

Front 41

An example of an autoimmune system disease is ________ ______.

Back 41

Multiple Sclerosis

Front 42

An infectious disease is one that is caused by _______.

Back 42

Pathogens

Front 43

An example of an infectious disease that is caused by a virus is the _______ _______.

Back 43

Common cold

Front 44

Which actions present a risk of spreading HIV?

Back 44

Sharing a needle.

Front 45

What is the term for each step in the transfer of energy and the matter within a food web?

Back 45

Trophic Level

Front 46

Which type of pyramid shows the amount of living tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem?

Back 46

Biomass pyramid

Front 47

The repeated movement of water between Earth's surface and the atmosphere is called the _______ _________.

Back 47

Water cycle

Front 48

A snake that eats a frog that has eaten insect that fed on a plant is a _______ _______.

Back 48

Tertiary consumer

Front 49

All the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem make up a food _____.

Back 49

Web

Front 50

Using renewable resources while ensuring that they are available for the future is a practice called _______ _______.

Back 50

Sustainable development