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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Founder Effect |
when a genetically distinct local population is established because a few organisms carry alleles that differ from the original population |
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genetic bottleneck |
genetic drift when there is a major reduction in the population size due to a "chance" event & that reduces the genetic diversity for generations |
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intraspecific hybrid |
organisms produced by controlled breeding of separate varieties of the same species |
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interspecfic hybrid |
hybrids between 2 different species |
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selecting agents |
environmental factors that affect survival by favoring certain characteristics |
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geographic isolation |
when part a species becomes separate from the rest of the species by geographic distance |
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reproductive or genetic isolating mechanism |
mechanisms that prevent mating between 2 different species |
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habitat preference or ecological isolating mechanism |
when 2 species dont mate bc they live in different species |
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seasonal isolating mechanism |
when species dont mate bc they are fertile at different times |
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behavioral isolating mechanism |
when behaviors patterns prevent mating between species |
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mechanical or morphological isolating mechanisms |
when organisms cant mate due to differences in structure |
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biochemical isolating mechanisms |
when a molecular incompatibility prevents successful mating |
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divergent evolution |
when individual speciation events branches in the evolution of a group of organisms |
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adaptive radiation |
pattern when a rapid increase in the # of kinds of closely related species emerges |
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convergent evolution |
pattern involving the development of similar traits organisms of widely different evolutionary backgrounds |
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nitrifying bacteria |
soil bacteria that converts ammonia to nitrate which is then converted to nitrate |
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denitrifying bacteria |
soil bacteria that converts nitrite to nitrogen gas (N2) for the atomsphere |
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competitive exclusion principle |
no 2 species can occupy the same niche at the same time |
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extrinsic limiting factors |
things outside the population that limit growth |
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intrinsic limiting factors |
things within the population that limit growth |
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density dependent limiting factors |
factors that become more efficient as the population grows |
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density independent limiting facors |
population controlling factors unrelated to population size |
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ethology |
study of an animal in its environment |
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imprinting |
learning when a young animal is primed to learn a behavior in a short period during a specific time (critical period) |
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insight |
learning when a past experience is reorganized to solve a new problem |
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Metabolic processes include such things as nutrient____, nutrient_____ & waste_____elimination |
intake, processing, and elimination |
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responsive processes |
am organisms change in accordance to its environment, how it changes from season to season, and over time the population changes |
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5 levels of biological organization largest to smallest |
organism-organ structure-organs-tissues-cells |
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3 categories of responsive processes |
irritablilty, individual adaption, evolution |
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2 control processes plus an example |
coordination= everything happens in the right order ex: you eat and then you release digestive enzymes regulation= processes happen at the correct rate ex: heart rate shouldnt be too fast or slow |
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2 generative processes |
individual growth- 1 organism changing size (ex height, weight) species growth- from reproduction making more organisms |
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why is it impossible to remove recessive alleles from a population |
bc often recessive alleles arent visible and you cant choose against you cant see. |
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why is reduced genetic diversity a bad thing when dealing with our food |
bc if all of the corn in a field is exactly the same 1 weather event or disease could wipe out the entire crop and we would lose all of that type of corn |
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why dont acquired traits affect natural selection |
acquired traits are not passed on to offspring like genetic traits are. |
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when is an organism considered successful reproduction wise |
when it has given birth to enough offspring to replace it. |
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macroevolution |
when there are major differences occurring over long period with much change and the formation of a new species |
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the 5 conditions needed for hardy-Weinberg to work
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no mutations, no migration, infinite population, random mating, and all genes have to have an equal chance of passing on |
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modern concept of evolution |
due to over-reproduction we have more organisms than can survive due to sex, migration, & mutation we are all unique bc there are limited resources competition and selecting agents we struggle to survive those with better traits survive and reproduce better traits become more common |
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directional selection |
when organisms at 1 extreme of the range of a trait consistently selected for |
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disruptive selection |
when both extremes of a range for a trait are selected for and the intermediate traits is selected against |
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a genetic isolating mechanism prevents mating between_______ |
different species of organisms |
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biochemical isolation |
chemicals on a male chimps sperm will not allow it to fertilize a female sapiens egg |
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behavioral isolation |
the croaking noise of a male bullfrog will not attract a female tree frog bc they are in a different species |
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seasonal isolation |
a mum that blooms in fall can not mate with a rose that blooms in summer because they are fertile at different times |
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mechanical isolation |
a house cat and a lion do not psychically fit together therefore they can not mate |
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habitat preference |
a desert frog can not mate with a tree frog because they live in different habitats |
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hybrid inviability |
a horse and donkey can mate but their baby, a mule is sterile |
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gradualism |
very small but continuous changes that build over a very long time how people gradually lost hair little by little over time |
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punctuated equilibruim |
lots of changes over a short period followed by possible long periods with no changes at all |
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there are 2 processes and 1 set of organisms that drive all cycles in ecology what are they?
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processes: photosynthesis & respiration organism: decomposers |
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3 biotic and 3 abiotic factors |
abiotic: rocks, wind, soil, biotic: bacteria, plants, animals &/or people |
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5 basic levels of ecological organization |
individual-specie-population-community-ecosystem |
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differentiate between the 1st&2nd laws of thermodynamics |
1st: energy is not created nor destroyed but may changes forms 2nd: as energy changes forms about 90% is lost as heat |
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symbiosis when both organisms benefit |
mutualism |
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symbiosis when both organisms are harmed |
competition |
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symbiosis when 1 is helped and the other is unaffected |
commensalism |
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symbiosis when 1 hunts,kills, and eats the other |
predation |
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symbiosis when 1 lives on the other deriving nutrients from it |
parasitism |