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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 Bases of DNA
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adenine thymine cytosine guanine
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Abiotic Factors
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"The nonliving parts of the environment. ( air, water, weather, temperature, soil, light, etc.)"
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active transport
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The process that requires an input of energy to help material move from an area of lower concentration to an area of greater concentration
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adaptation
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inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
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allele.
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different forms of a gene
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an organ system
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"The fourth, and highest, level of organization in a multicellular organism"
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anaphase
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3rd stage of mitosis; staged marked by the seperation of sister chromatids
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Autotroph
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Use energy from the environment to create simple carbohydrates
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Biosphere
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The portion of the earth that supports life. ( from deep in the ocean to high into the atmosphere)
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Biotic Factors
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"All of the living parts of the environment ( plants, animals, fungus, bacteria, protists)"
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carbohydrates
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"Main source of energy, stored in the liver, glycogen"
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carbohydrates (plasma membrane)
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"Attached to Proteins, act as Identification for cell type"
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carbon compounds
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"Carbon can bond with many elements and create compounds essential for life, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids"
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Carnivore
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"Heterotrophs, that only eat animals"
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carrier proteins (plasma membrane)
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Allows larger molecules (glucose) to pass through membrane
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cell
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the basic unit of life
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cell cycle
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sequence of growth and division of a cell
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cell membrane
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"thin, double-layered sheet around the cell"
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cell wall
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strong layer around the cell membrane that protects the cell
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centroioles
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"small, dark cylindrical structures that are made of microtubules and are found just outside the nucleus"
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centromere
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holds the sister chromatids together; plays role in chromosome movement during mitosis
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Chemosynthesis
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The process of using chemical energy to create carbohydrates
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chloropasts
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organelles that can use energy from sunlight to create energy-rich food molecules
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cholesterol (plasma membrane)
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Embedded in Lipid to stabilize membrane
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chromatid
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one half of the double structure of the chromosomes
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chromatin
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granular material visible within the nucleus
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chromosome
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"The distinct, threadlike structures that contain the genetic information of the cell, made of 2 sister chromatids; carries the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next"
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Chromosomes in Human Diploid
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46
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Chromosomes in Human Haploid
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23
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commensalism
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symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed ( p. 93 )
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common descent
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all species are derived from common ancestors
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Community
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A collection of populations.
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competitive exclusion principle
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ecological rule that states that no two species can occupy the same exact niche in the same habitat at the same time ( p. 92 )
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concentration gradient
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the amount of Molecules in a solution
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Consumer
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The name given to Heterotrophs because they consume (take in food)
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cytokinesis
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the process by which cytoplasm divides in the cell; occurs after telophase
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cytoplasm
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portion of the cell outside the nucleus
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Decomposer
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"Heterotrophs, such as fungi that break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms, they allow it to be cycled back into the energy flow"
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Detritivore
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"Heterotrophs, they feed on plant and animal remains"
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diffusion
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the process by which molecules of a substance move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Diploid Cell
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2 sets of homologous chromosomes
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
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"Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information, DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose"
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DNA is?
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Instructions for making proteins
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dominant
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When the dominant allele is present that it what the organism will express
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dynamitic equilibrium
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Movement of molecules continues across the membrane even after equilibrium is reached
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ecological succession
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gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance ( p. 94 )
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Ecology
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The study of how living things (organisms) interact with their environments.
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Ecosystem
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The interactions among populations in a community and its physical surroundings.
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End result of Meiosis
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4 Gametes
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Endocytosis
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The process of taking material into the cell by enfolding or creating a pocket in the cell membrane around the material and bringing it into the cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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"The site where proteins, cell membrame lipids, and other matierals are assembled. Two types: 1) Rough ribosomes on surface 2) Smooth no ribosomes"
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eukaryote
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organism whose cells contain a nucleus
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Evolution
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change over time
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Exocytosis
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The process of moving material out of the cell by the vacuole joining membranes with the cell membrane and then releasing the material outside the cell
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Facilitated Diffusion
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"When diffusion occurs through a carrier protein, a protein channel allows molecules to cross the cell membrane"
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Fertilization
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Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
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fitness
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ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in a specific environment
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Fluid mosaic model
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"The plasma membrane is call this because the lipids are fluid, proteins can move about and it is made of many different molecules "
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Food Chain
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"A simple model that scientists use to show how matter and energy flow through an ecosystem, (nutrients move from autotrophs to heterotrophs to decomposers)"
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Food Web
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All of the possible feeding relationships in a community.
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Fossil
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preserved remains of an ancient organism
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Gametes
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Haploid cells
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gene
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sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait (chem factors that determine traits)
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genetics
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is the branch of biology that studies heredity.
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genotype
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the scientific study of heredity
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Golgi Apparatus
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"sorts, modify, and package proteins that come from the Endoplasmic Reticulum for storage in the cell or release from the cell"
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habitat
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"the area where an organism lives, including the biotic and abiotic factors that affect it ( p. 90 )"
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Haploid Cell
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1 Set of chromosomes
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Herbivore
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"Heterotrophs, they only eat plants"
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heredity
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is the passing on of TRAITS (inherited characteristics) from parents to offspring
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Heterotroph
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Organisms that consume other organisms for their energy
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heterozygous
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organism with two different alleles for a particular trait
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homeostasis
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The process by which cells/organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment
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homologous chromosomes
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one set from male and corresponding set from female
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homologous structures
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"structures that develop from the same embryonic tissues, but have different mature forms"
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homozygous
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organism with two identical alleles for a particular trait
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hypertonic solutions
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The concentration gradient (amount of molecules) outside the cell is higher than inside the cell
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hypotonic solutions
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The concentration gradient (amount of molecules) outside the cell is lower than inside the cell
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interphase
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"period of growth that the majority of a cell's life is spent in; during this stage, the cell grows in size and carries on metabolism"
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isotonic solutions
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The concentration gradient (amount of molecules) outside the cell is the same as inside the cell
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Lipid bilayer (plasma membrane)
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Two Layers of Phospholipids
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lipids
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"Energy production, cell building, oxygen transport found in cell membrane"
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metaphase
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2nd stage of mitosis; double chromosomes attach to spindle fibers by centromeres
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microtubules.
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The hollow tubes of protein that help maintain the shape of the cell
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Mitochondria
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organelles that convert the stored food in the cell to compounds the cell can use
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mitosis
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period of nuclear division following interphase where two daughter cells are formed that each contain a complete set of chromosomes
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monohybrid cross
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is a genetic cross using a single trait with two alleles.
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mutualism
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symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship ( p. 93 )
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natural selection
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survival of the fittest
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natural variation
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differences among individuals within a species
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niche
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full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions ( p. 91 )
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Nuclear Membrane(Envelope)
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layer of two membranes that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
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nucleic acids
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"Genetic information, DNA RNA"
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nucleolus.
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The small dense region in the nucleus where the assembly of ribosomes begins
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nucleus
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large structure that contains the cell's genetic information
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Omnivore
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"Heterotrophs, they eat both plants and animals"
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organelle
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specialized structures within a cell that perform important cell functions
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Organism
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A living thing
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osmosis
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The process in which water diffuses through a selectively permeable membrane
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parasitism
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symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it ( p. 93 )
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Passive Diffusion
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No Energy is used to move molecules
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phagocytosis
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process by which extensions of cytoplasm engulf large particles
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phenotype
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The physical characteristics shown for a trait
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phospholipids (plasma membrane)
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Phosphate hydrophilic head and a fatty acid hydrophobic tail
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Photosynthesis
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"The process of using light energy, water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates"
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pioneer species
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first species to populate an area during primary succession ( p. 94 )
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plasma membrane
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"Lipid Bilayer, selectively permeable, it will allow some things to pass through, while blocking other things, provides protection and support"
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Populations
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A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place
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predation
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interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism ( p. 93 )
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primary succession
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succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists ( p. 94 )
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Producer
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The name given to Autotrophs because they make their own food
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prokaryote
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organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus
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prophase
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1st and longest stage of mitosis; stage where chromatin forms visible chromosomes
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proteins
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"Builds new cells, maintains tissues, regulates cell function, found in muscle and enzymes, "
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recessive
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This allele will only be expressed when the dominant is not present
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recognition proteins (plasma membrane)
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Act as markers that help identify a cell
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resource
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"any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space ( p. 92 )"
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Ribosomes
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Proteins are assembled on the ribosomes
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Scavengers
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Get energy from eating dead things
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secondary succession
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succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil ( p. 95 )
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Selective permeability
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When a biological membranes allows some substances to pass across them but others cannot
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Sister chromatids
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Set of chromatids connected by a centromere
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Spell DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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spindle
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structures consisting of thin fibers made up of microtubules
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struggle for existence
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"competition for food, space, and other resources among members of a species"
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symbiosis
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"Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis (sim-by-OHsis), which means ""living together."""
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telophase
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4th stage of mitosis; begins as chromatids reach opposite poles of cell
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tetrads
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Prophase 1 each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous to form this structure
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The Rule of Dominance
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the dominant trait are observed and hide the weaker recessive traits.
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Trophic Level
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"each step in a food chain or food web, producers make up the first trophic level, consumers make up the second, third or higher trophic levels"
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Vacuoles
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"Sac like structures that store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates"
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vestigial organ
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organ with little or no function
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What is a Nucleotide?
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(3 parts) / sugar / Phosphate Group / nitrogen base
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Zygous
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Fertilized Egg
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