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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Isotope
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atoms with the same number of protomns but differing numbers of neutrons
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denaturation
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change in shape or biological activity of protein
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sterol
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lipids with no fatty acids
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cytoplasm
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the material within the cell, minus the nucleus and organelles
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active site
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the region of an enzyme surface to which a specific set of substrate binds
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endocytosis
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indentation of membrane pinches off to bring materials into cell
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feedback inhibition
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product of metabolic pathway; shuts down production after certain level is reached
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reduction
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gain of electrons
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phosporylation
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transferring phosphate group to create ATP
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photolysis
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splitting of water molecule into hydrogen, oxygen, and electrons
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wavelength
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horizontal distance between two crests of successive waves
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enzyme
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a protein that is capable of speeding up specific chemical reactions by lowering the required activation energy
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chloroplast
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organelle where photosynthesis takes place
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hypertonic
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fluid has greater solute concentration relative to another fluid (water goes out, gets smaller)
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concentration gradient
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moves from high concentration to low concentration
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entropy
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disorder
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osmosis
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diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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passive transport
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flow of solutes through membrane down concentration gradient (no energy used)
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autotroph
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self-feeding
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photon
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"packets" of light energy
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stroma
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fluid within the chloroplast; contains tiny circular DNA and ribosomes
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glycogen
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animal starch, more branched
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isotonic
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fluid having same solute concentration relative to fluid against which it is being compared (stays the same)
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hydrolysis
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splitting of water
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pigment
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captures light energy
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diffusion
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movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration
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exocytosis
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vesicle fuses with membrane and releases contents
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oxidation
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loss of electrons
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active transport
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pumps move solutes across membrane against concentration gradient (requires energy of ATP)
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heterotrph
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feeds on many different things
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photosystem
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pigments organized in clusters in thylakoid membranes
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thylakoid
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within the stroma; sub-organelles where photosynthesis takes palce
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hypotonic
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fluid has lesser solute concentration relative to another fluid (water goes in, gets bigger)
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cytoskeleton
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gives cell shape, organization, and ability to move
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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moves material through cell
Rough - site pf protein synthesis Smooth - site of lipid synthesis |
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flagellum
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Has a 9+2 arrangement of microfilaments
They help cells move Longer than cilia |
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Golgi body
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completes protein assembly
"packages" them for shipment throughout cell |
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Mitochondria
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food is broken down (oxidized) and energy captures in form of ATP
Divide on their own with own DNA |
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Nucleus
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Separates DNA from rest of cell
Composed of: nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromosomes Contains DNA |
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Ribosomes
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carry out protein synthesis
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vacuole
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fluid-filled sac that stores amino acids, sugars, ions, toxins
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lysosomes
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intracellular digestion of cell/cell parts
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Nucelotide
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monomer of a nucleic acid; consists of nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar, and a phosphate
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phospholipid
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molecules that make up cell membrane, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic part
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triglyceride
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glycerol molecule with three fatty acid chains coming off of the side
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Six kingdoms of life
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eubacteria, archaebacteria, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
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Buffers
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A buffer is a substance that acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions, donating them to the solution when their concentration falls and taking them from the solution when their concentration rises. Buffers resist the slight changes in pH and help to stabilize it.
-Formed by weak acid (or base) and salt of that acid (or base) |
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Subatomic particles and their organization
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Electron - negative charge, orbits around the nucleus, smallest
Proton - positive charge, in nucleus, same size as neutron Neutron - no charge, in nucleus, same size as proton |
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Hydrogen bonding and how it explains properties of water
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-Hydrogen bonding causes water molecules to be attracted to other molecules. They attract polar molecules and repel nonpolar molecules.
-Temperature Stablizing properties: Water needs to absorb a great deal of heat before temperature increases because added energy disrupts hydrogen bonding between molecules, not affecting molecules themselves. -Because ice floats, it can insulate water beneath it. -Hydrogen bonding causes high surface tension. Cohesion means it has the capacity to resist rupturing under tension. |
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Formation of polymers form monomers
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Monomers link together to form polymers.
Monosaccharides - polysaccharides Amino acids - proteins Nucleotides - nucleic acids |
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Contrast hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis
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In dehydration synthesis, two things bond together to create water. An example is the linking of a monomer.
In hydrolysis, water is split apart. An example is breaking down polymers into monomers by hydrolysis. |
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Different classes of carbohydrates and an example of each class
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Monosaccharides - glucose
Disaccharides - maltose Polysaccharides - starch |
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Differences between plant and animal cells
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Plant cells have a chloroplast for photosynthesis, they have a cell wall, and they have a large central vacuole. Animal ells do not have these organelles.
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Characteristics of living things
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1. All living things are composed of one or more cells
2. All living things can reproduce. 3. All living things acquire/use energy 4. All living things grow and develop 5. All living things respond to environment to maintain homeostasis |
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Functions of proteins
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Catalysts (enzymes)
Defense function (antibodies) Transport (hemoglobin) Membrane transport (sodium potassium pump) Structure (muscles, collagen) Hormones |
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Construction of cell membrane (fluid mosaic model)
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Phospholipid bilayer plus embedded proteins.
The fluid bilayer constantly changes pattern of proteins. The phospholipids have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head. They are arranged tail to tail. |
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Gastro and itis
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stomach, inflammation
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Gastritis
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inflammation of the stomach
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C3, C4, and CAM plants
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-C3 plants go through the normal light and dark photosynthesis reactions
-C4 plants store carbon in the oxaloacetate and then go to bundle sheath cells where the Calvin cycle takes place -CAM plants store carbon as acid in vacuoles. When plants are ready for photosynthesis, it is released from vacuole and goes to Calvin cycle. |
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Light dependent and light independent reactions
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Light dependent - ADP, NADP+, and water goes into and comes out as ATP, NADPH, and oxygen.
Light independent - ATP and NADPH go into independent to make glucose |
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Eubacteria
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Single celled prokaryotes
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Archaebacteria
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single celled prokaryotes, like eukaryotes in genetics
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Protista
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Unicellular prokayotes, or non specialized multicellular
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Fungi
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heterotrophic, eukaryotes, mushrooms, not photosynthesis
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Animalia
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Multicellular animals
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Plantae
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Trees, flowers
Photosynthesis Multicellular |