Biology - Review 3 - The Cell

Front 1

The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that

Back 1

light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells.

Front 2

Which of the following are prokaryotic cells?

Back 2

bacteria

Front 3

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except

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an endoplasmic reticulum.

Front 4

The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that

Back 4

plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm.

Front 5

Which of the following comparisons between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is incorrect?

Back 5

The lack of organelles in prokaryotes means that the basic cellular functions are different in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes.

Front 6

plasma membrane is

Back 6

a feature of all cells

Front 7

tonoplast is

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found in plant cells only

Front 8

nucleoid is

Back 8

found in prokaryotic cells only

Front 9

Which of the following does not contain functional ribosomes?

Back 9

a nucleolus

Front 10

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

Back 10

proteins

Front 11

Which of the following compounds require the presence of the nuclear pores to move between the cytoplasm and the interior of the nucleus?

Back 11

ribosomal RNA , messenger RNA , proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm that are part of ribosomes

Front 12

Which of the following organelles is not a common destination for small vesicles that bud off the Golgi apparatus?

Back 12

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 13

Under which of the following conditions would you expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes?

Back 13

a cell that is producing cytoplasmic enzymes

Front 14

Which type of organelle is primarily involved in the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?

Back 14

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 15

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

Back 15

rough ER

Front 16

Of the following, which is probably the most common route for membrane flow in the endomembrane system?

Back 16

rough ER → vesicles → Golgi → plasma membrane

Front 17

Which of the following cell components is not directly involved in synthesis or secretion?

Back 17

lysosome

Front 18

In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in this compartmentalization?

Back 18

lysosome

Front 19

Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein excretion in prokaryotic cells?

Back 19

Proteins that are excreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.

Front 20

produces and modifies polysaccharides that will be secreted

Back 20

Golgi apparatus

Front 21

contains hydrolytic enzymes

Back 21

lysosome

Front 22

helps to recycle the cell's organic material

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lysosome

Front 23

one of the main energy transformers of cells

Back 23

mitochondrion

Front 24

contains its own DNA and ribosomes

Back 24

mitochondrion

Front 25

a compartment that often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell

Back 25

vacuole

Front 26

contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing

Back 26

peroxisome

Front 27

a versatile plant compartment that may hold reserves of organic compounds or inorganic ions

Back 27

vacuole

Front 28

Of the following, what do both mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common?

Back 28

ATP is produced. DNA is present. Ribosomes are present.

Front 29

Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in

Back 29

chloroplasts.

Front 30

Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include

Back 30

mitochondria. chloroplasts.

Front 31

The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Where are the corresponding reactions likely to occur in prokaryotic respiration?

Back 31

on the plasma membrane

Front 32

Which of the following are capable of converting light energy to chemical energy?

Back 32

chloroplasts

Front 33

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from

Back 33

a plant or an animal.

Front 34

Which of the following is not a known function of the cytoskeleton?

Back 34

to maintain a critical limit on cell size

Front 35

Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?

Back 35

cytoskeletons

Front 36

Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules?

Back 36

cilia flagella

Front 37

Which of the following possesses a microtubular structure similar to a basal body?

Back 37

centriole

Front 38

Microfilaments are well known for their role in which of the following?

Back 38

ameboid movement formation of cleavage furrows contracting of muscle cells

Front 39

The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via

Back 39

integrins.

Front 40

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?

Back 40

gap junctions

Front 41

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through

Back 41

gap junctions.

Front 42

________ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

Back 42

Pili

Front 43

In eukaryotic cells, the first step in protein synthesis is the

Back 43

transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA

Front 44

________ is composed of DNA and protein.

Back 44

Chromatin

Front 45

Where is calcium stored?

Back 45

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 46

Which of these structures is unique to plant cells?

Back 46

central vacuole

Front 47

Which of the following is not considered part of the endomembrane system?

Back 47

chloroplast

Front 48

Which type of cell would probably provide the best opportunity to study lysosomes?

Back 48

phagocytic white blood cell

Front 49

All of the following molecules are part of the cell membrane except

Back 49

nucleic acids.

Front 50

The presence of cholesterol in the plasma membranes of some animals

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enables the membrane to stay fluid more easily when cell temperature drops.

Front 51

The lateral mobility (fluidity) of lipids and proteins in membranes is a consequence of

Back 51

lack of covalent bonds between the lipid and protein components of the membrane, . , weak hydrophobic interactions among the components in the interior of the membrane. ,the presence of liquid water in the interior of the membrane.

Front 52

What is one of the ways that the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold?

Back 52

by increasing the percentage of unsaturated phospholipids in the membrane

Front 53

The surface of an integral membrane protein would be best described as

Back 53

amphipathic.

Front 54

When a membrane is freeze-fractured, the bilayer splits down the middle between the two layers of phospholipids. In an electron micrograph of a freeze-fractured membrane, the bumps seen on the fractured surface of the membrane are

Back 54

integral proteins.

Front 55

All of the following are functions of integral membrane proteins except

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protein synthesis

Front 56

Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?

Back 56

The double bonds form a kink in the fatty acid tail, forcing adjacent lipids to be further apart.

Front 57

Of the following functions, which is most important for the glycoproteins and glycolipids of animal cell membranes?

Back 57

a cell's ability to distinguish one type of neighboring cell from another

Front 58

What is one of the functions of cholesterol in animal cell membranes?

Back 58

maintains membrane fluidity

Front 59

What membrane-surface molecules are thought to be most important as cells recognize each other?

Back 59

glycoproteins

Front 60

An animal cell lacking oligosaccharides on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in 67) Which of the following adheres to the extracellular surface of animal cell plasma membranes?

Back 60

cell-cell recognition

Front 61

What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?

Back 61

small and hydrophobic

Front 62

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?

Back 62

It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule.

Front 63

After a membrane freezes and then thaws, it often becomes leaky to solutes. The most reasonable explanation for this is that

Back 63

the integrity of the lipid bilayer is broken when the membrane freezes

Front 64

Which of the following would likely move through the

Back 64

CO2

Front 65

The selective permeability of biological membranes is

Back 65

the type of transport proteins that are present in the membrane ,the lipid bilayer being permeable to primarily small, nonpolar molecules

Front 66

Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion?

Back 66

It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

Front 67

Water passes quickly through cell membranes because

Back 67

it moves through aquaporins in the membrane.

Front 68

A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most

Back 68

The patient's red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the cells.

Front 69

All of the following membrane activities require energy from ATP hydrolysis except

Back 69

facilitated diffusion.

Front 70

What are the membrane structures that function in active transport?

Back 70

integral proteins

Front 71

The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient with the help of energy input is

Back 71

active transport.

Front 72

Carrier molecules in the membrane and metabolic energy are required for

Back 72

active transport.

Front 73

The main difference(s) between facilitated diffusion and active transport is (are)

facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient and active transport moves them against their gradient.

Back 73

facilitated diffusion moves substances down their concentration gradient and active transport moves them against their gradient.

facilitated diffusion does not rely on cellular energy and active transport does.

facilitated diffusion uses channel or carrier proteins and active transport does not.

Front 74

What is the voltage across a membrane called?

Back 74

membrane potential

Front 75

The sodium-potassium pump is called an electrogenic pump because it

Back 75

contributes to the membrane potential.

Front 76

If a membrane protein in an animal cell is involved in the cotransport of glucose and sodium ions into the cell, which of the following is most likely not true?

Back 76

Sodium ions can move down their electrochemical gradient through the cotransporter whether or not glucose is present outside the cell.

Front 77

The movement of potassium into an animal cell requires

Back 77

an energy source such as ATP or a proton gradient.

Front 78

Ions diffuse across membranes down their

Back 78

electrochemical gradients.

Front 79

What are the characterizes the sodium-potassium pump?

Back 79

Sodium ions are pumped out of a cell against their gradient. ,Potassium ions are pumped into a cell against their gradient. , The pump protein undergoes a conformational change.

Front 80

What mechanisms do plants use to load sucrose produced by photosynthesis into specialized cells in the veins of leaves?

Back 80

an electrogenic pump , a proton pump , a contransport protein

Front 81

The sodium-potassium pump in animal cells requires cytoplasmic ATP to pump ions across the plasma membrane. When the proteins of the pump are first synthesized in the rough ER, what side of the ER membrane will the ATP

Back 81

It will be on the cytoplasmic side of the ER.

Front 82

Which of the following statements about membrane structure and function is false?

Back 82

The types of proteins that are exposed on one side of a membrane are nearly identical to those exposed on the other side of the membrane.

Front 83

All of the following processes take material into cells 91) An organism with a cell wall would have the most difficulty doing which process?

Back 83

exocytosis.

Front 84

The membrane activity most nearly opposite to exocytosis is

Back 84

phagocytosis.

Front 85

White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process?

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phagocytosis.

Front 86

In addition to exporting materials from the cytoplasm of the cell, the process of exocytosis is also important in

Back 86

the production of cell walls by plant cells.

Front 87

The difference between pinocytosis and receptor-

Back 87

pinocytosis brings only water into the cell, but receptor-mediated endocytosis brings in other molecules as well.

Front 88

Oxygen crosses a plasma membrane by

Back 88

passive transport.

Front 89

Endocytosis moves materials ________ a cell via ________.

Back 89

into; membranous vesicles

Front 90

Cholesterol enters cells via

Back 90

receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Front 91

In what way do the various membranes of a eukaryotic cell differ?

Back 91

Certain proteins are unique to each membrane.

Front 92

According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostly

Back 92

embedded in a lipid bilayer.

Front 93

Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity?

Back 93

a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids