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131 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Atoms have a _______ charge
neutral
_______ are atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons
ions
A ______ bond forms between two atoms that share electrons to form a molecule
covalent
Water molecules _____ nonpolar molecules such as oil
repel
The amount of energy needed to cause a chemical reaction to start is called _________
activation energy
Atoms are composed of.....
protons, neutrons, & electrons
The electrons of an atom...
occupy the space surrounding the nucleus
The smallest particle of matter than can retain the chemical properties of carbon is a carbon....
atom
a substance that is composed of only one type of atom is called a(n)...
element
ionic bonds form between particles that have...
opposite charges
a molecule that has partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other side is called a(n)...
polar molecule
when placed in the same container, oil & water do not mix b/c....
water is polar & oil is non polar
acidic solutions have a pH that is...
less than 7
_____ are molecules that are classified as carbohydrates
sugars
______ are molecules that are most closely related to proteins
amino acids
what gives each amino acid its unique properties?
it's side group (R group)
two types of nucleic acids...
DNA & RNA
______ are closely related to nucleic acids
nucleotides
DNA stores....
hereditary information
the law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be...
created or destroyed in a chemical reaction
reducing activation energy..
is accomplished by the action of enzymes of reactants
the molecule on which an enzyme acts is called a(n)...
substrate
an enzyme..
lowers the activation energy of a reaction
the negatively charged particles in an atom are ______
electron
protons & neutrons are found in the ______ of an atom
nucleus
substances with a pH greater than 7 are ______.
basic
amino acids are the building blocks of _______.
proteins
the starting materials for chemical retains are called _____.
reactants
the new substances that are formed are called ______.
products
the energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called _________.
activation energy
the cells of animals are _______
eukaryotic
the non polar tails of phospholipids are _______ to water
repelled
________ concluded that cells make up every part of a plant
Schleiden
a typical _______ cell contains one or more chloroplasts
plant
when the solute concentration outside a cell is equal to the solute concentration inside the cell, the cell's environment is _________.
isotonic
Osmosis is the diffusion of ______ molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
water
part of the cell theory...
cells are the basic unit of structure & function in organisms
the double membrane surrounding the nucleus is called the ________
nuclear envelope
the organelles associated with plant photosynthesis is the _________
chloroplasts
diffusion is the movement of a substance.....
from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
removing materials from a cell in vesicles is called ______
exocytosis
what led to the discovery of cells?
the microscope
one difference between prokaryotes & eukaryotes is that prokaryotes do not have a _______
nucleus
a structure within a eukaryotic cell that carries out specific activities inside the cell is called a(n)...
organelles
what kind of cytoskeleton fibers could held a cell change shape to fit into a space
microfilaments
the organelle that modifies, sorts, & packages proteins is the ________
golgi apparatus
plant cells have a large membrane-bound compartment in which water, waste products, and nutrients can be stored called ______
central vacuole
found in plant cells but not animal cells...
a cell wall
Phospholipids are molecules that have...
one polar phosphate head & 2 fatty acid tails
what does not require energy?
diffusion
osmosis is a type of ______
passive transport
unlike passive transport, active transport....
requires energy
the organelles where protein synthesis occurs in a cell are called ______
ribosomes
the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle is called ________
endocytosis
the basic unit of structure and function is an organism is the _____
cell
______ endoplasmic reticulum has no attached ribosomes
smooth
to reach equilibrium, substances always flow from an area of high concentration to an area of _____ concentration
low
if a cell is places in a(n) _______ solution, water will flow into the cell
hypotonic
what are the three parts of the cell theory?
1. all living things are made up of cells
2. cells are the basic unit of life
3. cells come from other cells
what are the three structures present in plant cells but no in animal cells?
1. central vacuole
2. chloroplasts
3. cell wall
process by which ATP is synthesized by using chemicals as an energy source instead of light
chemosynthesis
membrane-bound structure within chloroplasts that contains chlorophyll and other light-absorbing pigments used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
thylakoid
anaerobic process by which ATP is produces by glycolysis
fermentation
high-energy molecule that contains, within its bonds, energy that cells can use
ATP
anaerobic process in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and two net ATP are produced
glycolysis
part of photosynthesis that absorbs energy from sunlight & transfers energy to the light-indepedent reactions
light-dependent reactions
process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy; produces sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water
photosynthesis
process that requires oxygen to occur
aerobic
process during cellular respiration that breaks down a carbon molecules to produce molecules that are sued in the electron transport chain
Kreb's cycle
light-absorbing pigment molecules in photosynthetic organisms
chlorophyll
process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules when oxygen is present
cellular respiration
product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells
lactic acid
low-energy molecule that can be converted to ATP
ADP
process that does not require oxygen to occur
anaerobic
part of photosynthesis that uses energy absorbed during the light-dependent reactions to synthesize carbohydrates
light-independent reactions
______ is a molecule that transfers energy from breakdown of food molecules to cell processes.
ATP
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
energy carried by ATP is ______ when a phosphate group is removed
released
ATP has ___ phosphate groups.
3
_____ is a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group
ADP
What does ADP stand for?
adenosine diphosphate
ADP has __ phosphate groups
2
What type of molecule yields the most ATP?
fats
process by which some organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy storing carbon based molecule
chemosynthesis
process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy
photosynthesis
what is the general equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2+6H2O+light energy → C6H12O6+6O2
a ______ pathway is a series of reactions where the product of one reaction is the reactant of the next
biochemical
do autotrophs perform photosynthesis?
yepppppperz
do heterotrophs perform photosynthesis?
yessssssss
______ are able to make their own food
autotrophs
list the colors of the visible spectrum.
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs some of the energy in visible light
chlorophyll
the green color of plants comes from the _____ of light's green wavelength.
reflection
where does photosynthesis take place?
chloroplasts
list the 2 main parts involved in photosynthesis.
grana & stroma
_______ are stacks of thylakoids
grana
______ is the fluid that surrounds the grana inside a chloroplasts
stroma
list the 2 main stages of photosynthesis
light-dependent reactions & light-independent reactions
_____-_____ reactions capture energy from sunlight
light-dependent
where do the light-depednent reactions take place?
thylakoids
_____ & _____ are needed in the light-dependent reactions
water & sunlight
____-_____ reactions use energy from the light-dependent reactions to make sugars
light-independent
where do the light-independent reactions take place?
stroma of chloroplasts
what is needed in the light-independent reactions?
carbon dioxide
released chemical energy from sugars & other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present
cellular respiration
do autotrophs perform cellular respiration?
yes
do heterotrophs perform cellular respiration?
no
is cellular respiration an aerobic process or an anaerobic process?
aerobic
process that requires oxygen to occur
aerobic
where does cellular respiration take place?
mitochondria
list the 2 main parts of the mitochondria involved in cellular respiration.
matrix & inner membrane
list the 2 main stages of cellular respiration.
Kreb's cycle & Electron Transport Chain
the ___ ____ produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration
Kreb's cycle
The Kerb's cycle aka "____ ____ ____"
Citric Acid Cycle
Where does the Kreb's cycle take place?
Matrix
what does the electron transport chain need to make ATP?
energy carrying molecules from Kreb's cycle & oxygen
where does the electron transport chain take place?
across the inner membrane
what is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6+6CO2+602--> 6CO2+6H2O+energy
what must occur in order for cellular respiration to occur?
glucose must be broken down
_____ is the process in which glucose is broken down into 2 three carbon molecules of pyruvic acid.
glycolysis
how many ATP does glycolysis have?
2
what is the initial pathway in cellular respiration?
glycolysis
where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
if oxygen is ____, products of glycolysis enter pathways of aerobic respiration
present
if oxygen is ____, products of glycolysis enter fermentation pathways
absent
is fermentation an aerobic or anaerobic process?
anaerobic
process that does not require oxygen to occur
anaerobic
process where glucose is converted into another compound such as lactic acid of ethyl alcohol in the absence of oxygen
fermentation
list 2 common fermentation pathways.
lactic acid & alcoholic fermentation
___ ____ fermentation is the process by which pyruvic acid is converted into lactic acid
lactic acid fermentation
____ fermentation is the process by which pyruvic acid is converted into ethyl alcohol
alcoholic