Biology Plant Structure & Function Ch 26

Front 1

IDENTIFY THE 3 KINDS OF TISSUES IN A VASCULAR PLANT'S BODY AND STATE THE FUNCTION OF EACH

Back 1

1) Dermal : forms protective outer layer of the plant (protects against water loss). Also helps aborb nutrients and gas exchange.

2) ground tissue - the inside of the plant. Has many functions. Composed of thick and thin walled cells

3)vascular tissue -conducts water, organic compounds & minerals throughout the plant

-all leaves, stems and roots of vasc plants have these 3 tissues

Front 2

DERMAL TISSUE

Back 2

Forms the protective outer layer around the plant

- in woody parts, cover is cork
- in nonwoody parts, the cover is epidermis

Front 3

EPIDERMIS

Back 3

-The skin of a nonwoody plant
- part of the dermal tissue
-made up a single layer of flat cells and a waxy cuticle that prevents water loss -often has hairlike extensions on leaves and roots

Front 4

FUNCTION OF HAIRLIKE EXTENSION ON THE SKIN OF THE PLANT

Back 4

-At the leaves - they slow water loss

- at the roots - they help increase absorption of nutrients

Front 5

CORK

Back 5

-the dermal tissue that covers woody plants
- is a non waxy residue (unlike nonwoody plants)
- contain waterproof chemical
-protects the plant from physical damage

Front 6

FUNCTIONS OF THE GROUND TISSUE (VARIES BY PART OF THE PLANT)

Back 6

- Ground tissue in leaves - has chloroplasts that specialize in photosynthesis

- ground tissue in stems and roots- i stores water, sugar and starch

- throughout the rest of the body - surrounds and supports the vascular tissue

Front 7

VASCULAR TISSUE

Back 7

contain stack of strands or pipes that carry fluids and other substances through a plant's body.

Front 8

2 TYPES OF VASCULAR TISSUE

Back 8

Xylem and phloem

Front 9

XYLEM

Back 9

Thick walled cells that conduct water & mineral nutrients from the roots thru the stems, leaves.

2 types: 1) tracheid - narrow and long 2) vessels

- xylem forms the patterns we see in wood

Front 10

VESSELS

Back 10

- part of the xylem
-Wider than the tracheid cells and have large holes called perforations

- perforations allow water to flow b/n vessel cells quickly

Front 11

PHLOEM

Back 11

Contains cells that conduct sugars and other nutrients through out the plants body.

-Phloem is a sugar conductive tissue.
-It's comprised of sieve cells or sieve tube members. Both have pores.

Front 12

SIEVE TUBES

Back 12

-CONDUCTING STRANDS IN A PHLOEM

- ALLOWS SUBSTANCES TO PASS from CELLS TO CELLS

Front 13

WHAT DO SIEVE CELLS AND SIEVE TUBE MEMBERS HAVE IN THEIR END WALLS THAT FUNCTION IN CONDUCTION?

Back 13

Pores

Front 14

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A TRACHEID AND A VESSEL?

Back 14

Tracheids have no perforation plates, while vessels have perforation plates in their end wall.

Front 15

DIFFERENT TYPE OF ROOTS

Back 15

1)taproot -central root system from which other smaller roots branch out - 2)Adventitious roots -grow from above ground stems or in the air like orchids

Front 16

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF ROOTS?

Back 16

-Anchorage,
-absorption (of water and minerals)
-and sometimes storage

Front 17

CORTEX

Back 17

The ground tissue surrounding the vascular tissue of the roots and stems

Front 18

ROOT HAIRS

Back 18

Produced by epidermal cells, just behind a root tip,

-increase the surface area of the roots and its ability to absorb water and nutrients

Front 19

ROOT CAP

Back 19

A mass of cells covers and protects the growing root tip

Front 20

FUNCTION OF STEMS

Back 20

-Connect roots to leafs,
-Support leafs,
- and house the vascular tissue to absorb nutrient and water

Front 21

2 TYPES OF STEMS

Back 21

1) non-woody - found in herbaceous plants - stems are flexible and green - xylem and phloem are arrnaged in vascular bundles

2) woody - stiff and non-green found in trees,
- shrubs, pines oaks etc
- have an inner core of xylem surrounded by a cylinder of phloem

Front 22

VASCULAR BUNDLES

Back 22

- bundles of xylem and phloem that are inside of the stems
- In non-woody plant: bundles are arranged in a ring (in dicots) or the bundles are scattered in the ground tissue (as in monocots)

- vasc bundles are surrounded by ground tissue
- pic in pg 574

Front 23

PITH

Back 23

Ground tissue inside the ring of stems (the ring that is formed by the vascular bundles in a dicot's stem)

Front 24

HEARTWOOD

Back 24

The wood in the center of a mature tree trunk

- its xylem can no longer conduct water, and just provides support

Front 25

SAPWOOD

Back 25

Lies outside the heartwood and contains vessel cells that can conduct water

Front 26

11. WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF A STEM? OF LEAVES?

Back 26

- Stem functions in support and as a conduction pathway

-Leaves are the major photosynthetic organs

Front 27

17. WHAT DO ROOTS HAVE THAT DISTINGUISH THEM FROM SHOOTS?

Back 27

They differ from stems in having: a root cap, root hairs (absorption), and no external primordial (no young leaves)

Front 28

LEAVES -
-FUNCTION LEAVES
- PARTS LEAVES
- TYPES
- structure- what is made of?

Back 28

-function -Carry out photosynthesis

- leaf parts: petiole and blade

-2 types: simple (undivided blade) and compound (2 or more leaflets)

-leaflet - sections of a leaf

- structure: ground tissue and vascular tissue covered by epidermis that has a cuticle (waxy residue),
-Vac tissue lies in the veins of the leafs

Front 29

PETIOLE

Back 29

The stalk of the leaf -

Front 30

BLADE

Back 30

Flat portion of the leaf

Front 31

MESOPHYLL

Back 31

-the ground tissue of leaf

- mesophill is filled with chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs

- most plants have 2 layers -

Front 32

- CHLOROPHYL -

Back 32

Makes leafs look green

Front 33

RELATE TRANSPIRATION TO THE MOVEMENT OF WATER UP A PLANT

Back 33

Transpiration is the beginning or the cause of the water moving up the plant

Front 34

DESCRIBE HOW GUARD CELLS REGULATE THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION

Back 34

- They open and close depending on the amt of water

- they open to take in water

-and they close as the cell looses water so that no more water is lost

- an example of homeostasis

Front 35

PROCESS OF TRANSLOCATION

Back 35

The movement of organic compounds in a plant from a source to a sink

- a more complex process than water transport

- organic compounds move in all direction (water only moves up)
- organic compounds go through the citoplasm

Front 36

HOW DOES WATER GET PULLED UP THRU A PLANT

Back 36

1) transporation occurs - wind carries away water vapor from the leaves - it exists thru stomata

2) this loss creates a pull that draws water in the xylem up through the xylem

3) thru osmosis the roots take in more water to replace water that went up the stem

Front 37

TRANSPIRATION

Back 37

Loss of water vapor through a plant - thru the stomata (pores)

Front 38

SOURCE

Back 38

Part of the plant that provides organic compounds for other part of the plants

ex - leaf makes starch during photosynthesis

Front 39

SINK

Back 39

Part of a plant that organic compound are delivered to

-ex -developing fruits and growing roots

Front 40

PRESSURE FLOW MODEL

Back 40

Describes translocation

1)sugar from a source enter phloem cell by active transport

2) as sugar concentration increases, water enters seave tubes via osmosis

3) pressure builds up inside the sieve tubes and pushes sugar through the sieve tubes at 100cm/r

4) sugar moves thru phloem cell to a sink by active transport

Front 41

26.2: RECOGNIZE SEVERAL DISTINGUISHING FEATURES IF SUGAR MAPLE TREES -P 580-1

Back 41

SAP is the sugar passing thru the xylem

- in the spring and summer, SAP travels up and down

- When growth stops, sap gets stored in roots and trunk.

B/c of pressure, when you drill holes into a maple tree, SAP drips out - sap used to make maple syrup

- wood good for furnitue, floors

Front 42

BARK in woody stems

Back 42

BARK = cork + phloem
(in trees)

Front 43

structure of roots

Back 43

- central core of vascular tissue surrounded by ground tissue and epidermal tissue
- root hairs on root tips