Biology: Photosynthesis

Front 1

chlorophylls absorb what light

Back 1

orange, yellows

Front 2

cartenoids absorbs what light

Back 2

greens and blues

Front 3

oxygen given off by synthesis comes from what?

Back 3

water

Front 4

What is reduced in a photosynthesis reaction?

Back 4

CO2

Front 5

What is oxidized in a photosynthesis reaction?

Back 5

H2O

Front 6

What are mesophyll cells

Back 6

in the center of a leaf getting water from vessels from leaves to roots, protected by epidermal tissue that is covered by a waxy cuticle

Front 7

Stomats

Back 7

Holes in the leaves that allow passage of CO2 and O2, contains enzyme-rich solution where CO2 is reduced

Front 8

Thylakoids

Back 8

membranous system in stroma, flattened sacs sometimes stacked (grana); pigments found inside them which collect solar energy to energize electrons prior or reduction of CO2 in stroma

Front 9

Process of Light-Dependent Reactions

Back 9

Electrons energized when pigments absorb energy from sun, electrons

Front 10

Where is CO2 reduced?

Back 10

stroma

Front 11

Light Dependent reactions process

Back 11

Solar NRG --> thylakoid --> e- energized --> taken up by NADP+ (e- carrier) --> NADP+ becomes NADPH

Front 12

Light INdependent RXN process

Back 12

(Calvin Cycle): CO2 is taken up by substrate --> CO2 is reduced by ATP/NADPH--> ATP becomes ADP+P, NADPH becomes NADP+ --> return to light-dependent RXNs (synthesizing carbohydrate)

Requires more ATP than NADPH

Front 13

Light Dependent: PS 1 process

Back 13

sun --> pigment --> reaction-center chlorophyll a, e- becomes excited--> e- escapes into an e- acceptor molecule

REDUCES NADP TO NADPH

Front 14

Cyclic E- Pathway

Back 14

generates only ATP; begins after PS I pigment gets NRG; high NRG e- leave PS1 reaction center --> go through e- transport system (opt.)

Front 15

Electron Transport System, Cytochrome System

Back 15

series of carriers, where e- will pass through allowing NRG used to make ATP is released and stored

CONNECTS PS I AND PS I; PUMPS H+

Front 16

Noncyclic Electron Pathway (creates both ATP and NADPH)

Back 16

E- moves from H2O through PS II to PS I then to NADP+; begins when PS II pigment absorbs NRG and e- leave RXN center

Takes replacement e- from H2O to release O2

Front 17

E- that leave PS II, what happens to them?

Back 17

get captured by an e- acceptor --> e- transport system --> NRG used to make ATP is released&stored; low NRG e- go back to PSI to recharge

Front 18

ATP synthase

Back 18

has a H+ channel and protruding ATP synthase; H+ flows through here into the stroma and ATP is produced

Front 19

NADPH & ATP in PS II

Back 19

produced in PS I by reducing water; reduces CO2

Front 20

Reduction of CO2: where, how?

Back 20

in stroma of chloroplast during Calvin Cycle; doesn't require light but occurs during daytime where there's lots of ATP

CO2 taken up by RuBP (5 Carbons) --> breaks down to 2 PGA (3 C) --> reduced to PGAL using NADPH&ATP --> each becomes more energized

Front 21

PGAL (3 C)

Back 21

product of Calvin cycle; becomes organic molecules

can be combined with fructose to make sucrose that transports carbs through plants

Front 22

Starch

Back 22

storage form of glucose, some in chloroplasts, mostly in roots

Front 23

RuBP carboxylase

Back 23

enzyme that speeds up the combination of CO2 with RuBP (5 C);

20-50% of protein in chloroplasts because it's SLOW AS HELL

Front 24

5 PGAL regenerate ___ RuBP?

Back 24

3