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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A typical animal cell |
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membranes, mitochondria, ribosomes |
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Nucleus |
Controls the activity of the cell and contains the genetic material |
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Cytoplasm |
Where the majority of the chemical reactions take place |
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Cell membrane |
Controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell |
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Mitochondria |
Where aerobic respiration takes place |
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Ribosomes |
Where proteins are synthesised (made) |
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Plant cells |
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall and a vacuole wall |
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Cell wall |
Made of cellulose which strengthens the cell |
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Permanent vacuole |
Filled with cell sap with supports the plant |
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Chloroplasts |
Absorbs light the make food (glucose) by photosynthesis |
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Eukaryotic cell |
One of the two main types of cell. Plan animal and fungal cells are all eukaryotic. Bigger than a prokaryotic cell. Genetic material in nucleus
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Prokaryotic cell |
Bacterial is a prokaryotic cell Much small that a eukaryotic cell. Genetic material in not enclosed in nucleus. Genetic material is a single dna loop. Do not contain mitochondria or chloroplasts. Much simpler |
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Chromosomes |
The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes made of dna Each chromosomes contain hundreds to thousands of genes. In body cells- the chromosomes are found in pair with one chromosome coming from each parent. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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Mitosis and the cell cycle |
One of the stages in the cell cycle is mitosis when the cell divides into 2 identical cells. For growth and repair and asexual reproduction |
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Stem cells |
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells - they have not been specialised yet. This means they can divide to make different types of cells. Stem cells are found in human embryos, in the umbilical cord, and in some organs and tissues. Stem cells found in the human embryos are called embryonic stem cells. |
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Uses of stem cells |
Stem cells may be very useful in treating conditions where cells are damaged or not working properly such as diabetes and paralysis. To replace damaged cells Clone stem cells to help treat a patient |
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Diffusion |
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until they are evenly spread out |
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Osmosis |
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated through a partial permible membrane. |
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Osmosis |
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated through a partial permible membrane. |
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Active transport |
Active transport moves substances again the concentration gradient from an area of low concentration to high concentration. This requires energy from respiration. |
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Tissues |
A fissure is a group of cells with a similar structure and function which will work together to do a job e.g Muscle tissue, glandular tissues, epithelial tissues. |
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Organs |
are groups of different tissues which all work together to preform a job. Each organ may contain several different tissues. |
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Tissues |
A fissure is a group of cells with a similar structure and function which will work together to do a job e.g Muscle tissue, glandular tissues, epithelial tissues. |
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Organs |
are groups of different tissues which all work together to preform a job. Each organ may contain several different tissues. |
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Organ system |
Organs are organised into organ system which are groups of organs working together to do a job. For example the digestive system. |
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What’s special about specialised cells |
They become more efficient at their job but lay lose the ability to do other jobs |
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Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
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Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
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Lock and key theory |
Is a model used to explain how enzymes work: the checks that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock) |
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Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
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|
Lock and key theory |
Is a model used to explain how enzymes work: the checks that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock) |
|
|
Denaturing enzymes |
High temp and extreme of ph make enzymes change shape and can no longer work because the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
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Amylase |
Is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. Is a carbohydrase that brakes drown starch into sugar (maltose) |
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Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
|
|
Lock and key theory |
Is a model used to explain how enzymes work: the checks that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock) |
|
|
Denaturing enzymes |
High temp and extreme of ph make enzymes change shape and can no longer work because the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
|
|
Amylase |
Is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. Is a carbohydrase that brakes drown starch into sugar (maltose) |
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Protease |
Is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine Breaks down proteins into amino acids |
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Lipase |
Is produced in the pancreas and small intestine Breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol |
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Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
|
|
Lock and key theory |
Is a model used to explain how enzymes work: the checks that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock) |
|
|
Denaturing enzymes |
High temp and extreme of ph make enzymes change shape and can no longer work because the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
|
|
Amylase |
Is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. Is a carbohydrase that brakes drown starch into sugar (maltose) |
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Protease |
Is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine Breaks down proteins into amino acids |
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Lipase |
Is produced in the pancreas and small intestine Breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol |
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Bile |
A liquid made in the liver stored in the gall bladder Bile does not contain any enzymes, so it does not digest fact molecules. It just breaks up fat droplets into smaller ones |
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|
Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
|
|
Lock and key theory |
Is a model used to explain how enzymes work: the checks that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock) |
|
|
Denaturing enzymes |
High temp and extreme of ph make enzymes change shape and can no longer work because the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
|
|
Amylase |
Is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. Is a carbohydrase that brakes drown starch into sugar (maltose) |
|
|
Protease |
Is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine Breaks down proteins into amino acids |
|
|
Lipase |
Is produced in the pancreas and small intestine Breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Bile |
A liquid made in the liver stored in the gall bladder Bile does not contain any enzymes, so it does not digest fact molecules. It just breaks up fat droplets into smaller ones |
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Blood |
Blood is a tissue. It is made of a liquid called plasma which three different components suspended in it: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. |
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Red blood cells |
Contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues and cells which need it for respiration. Does not contain a nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin. |
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White blood cells |
Helps to protect the body against infections Can change shape so they can squeeze of blood vessels into the tissues of surround and engulf microorganisms |
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Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
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Platelets |
are fragments of cells which collect at wounds and trigger blood clotting |
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Blood vessels |
The blood passed around the body in blood vessels. The body contains 3 types of blood vessels. Arteries veins and capillaries. |
|
|
Lock and key theory |
Is a model used to explain how enzymes work: the checks that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock) |
|
|
Denaturing enzymes |
High temp and extreme of ph make enzymes change shape and can no longer work because the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
|
|
Amylase |
Is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. Is a carbohydrase that brakes drown starch into sugar (maltose) |
|
|
Protease |
Is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine Breaks down proteins into amino acids |
|
|
Lipase |
Is produced in the pancreas and small intestine Breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Bile |
A liquid made in the liver stored in the gall bladder Bile does not contain any enzymes, so it does not digest fact molecules. It just breaks up fat droplets into smaller ones |
|
|
Blood |
Blood is a tissue. It is made of a liquid called plasma which three different components suspended in it: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. |
|
|
Red blood cells |
Contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues and cells which need it for respiration. Does not contain a nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin. |
|
|
White blood cells |
Helps to protect the body against infections Can change shape so they can squeeze of blood vessels into the tissues of surround and engulf microorganisms |
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|
Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
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|
Platelets |
are fragments of cells which collect at wounds and trigger blood clotting |
|
|
Blood vessels |
The blood passed around the body in blood vessels. The body contains 3 types of blood vessels. Arteries veins and capillaries. |
|
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Arteries |
Take blood from your heart to your organs. Thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres |
|
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Veins |
Take blood from your organs to your heart. Thin walls and valves to prevent flowback. |
|
|
Lock and key theory |
Is a model used to explain how enzymes work: the checks that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock) |
|
|
Denaturing enzymes |
High temp and extreme of ph make enzymes change shape and can no longer work because the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
|
|
Amylase |
Is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. Is a carbohydrase that brakes drown starch into sugar (maltose) |
|
|
Protease |
Is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine Breaks down proteins into amino acids |
|
|
Lipase |
Is produced in the pancreas and small intestine Breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Bile |
A liquid made in the liver stored in the gall bladder Bile does not contain any enzymes, so it does not digest fact molecules. It just breaks up fat droplets into smaller ones |
|
|
Blood |
Blood is a tissue. It is made of a liquid called plasma which three different components suspended in it: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. |
|
|
Red blood cells |
Contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues and cells which need it for respiration. Does not contain a nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin. |
|
|
White blood cells |
Helps to protect the body against infections Can change shape so they can squeeze of blood vessels into the tissues of surround and engulf microorganisms |
|
|
Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
|
|
Platelets |
are fragments of cells which collect at wounds and trigger blood clotting |
|
|
Blood vessels |
The blood passed around the body in blood vessels. The body contains 3 types of blood vessels. Arteries veins and capillaries. |
|
|
Arteries |
Take blood from your heart to your organs. Thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres |
|
|
Veins |
Take blood from your organs to your heart. Thin walls and valves to prevent flowback. |
|
|
Capillaries |
Allow substances needed by the cells to pass out the blood. Allow substances produced by the cells to pass into the blood. Narrow thin walled blood vessels |
|
|
Lock and key theory |
Is a model used to explain how enzymes work: the checks that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock) |
|
|
Denaturing enzymes |
High temp and extreme of ph make enzymes change shape and can no longer work because the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
|
|
Amylase |
Is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. Is a carbohydrase that brakes drown starch into sugar (maltose) |
|
|
Protease |
Is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine Breaks down proteins into amino acids |
|
|
Lipase |
Is produced in the pancreas and small intestine Breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Bile |
A liquid made in the liver stored in the gall bladder Bile does not contain any enzymes, so it does not digest fact molecules. It just breaks up fat droplets into smaller ones |
|
|
Blood |
Blood is a tissue. It is made of a liquid called plasma which three different components suspended in it: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. |
|
|
Red blood cells |
Contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues and cells which need it for respiration. Does not contain a nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin. |
|
|
White blood cells |
Helps to protect the body against infections Can change shape so they can squeeze of blood vessels into the tissues of surround and engulf microorganisms |
|
|
Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
|
|
Platelets |
are fragments of cells which collect at wounds and trigger blood clotting |
|
|
Blood vessels |
The blood passed around the body in blood vessels. The body contains 3 types of blood vessels. Arteries veins and capillaries. |
|
|
Arteries |
Take blood from your heart to your organs. Thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres |
|
|
Veins |
Take blood from your organs to your heart. Thin walls and valves to prevent flowback. |
|
|
Capillaries |
Allow substances needed by the cells to pass out the blood. Allow substances produced by the cells to pass into the blood. Narrow thin walled blood vessels |
|
|
The heart |
The heart pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. Blood passes through the heart raise on each circuit around the body. There are 4 chambers in the heart |
|
|
Lock and key theory |
Is a model used to explain how enzymes work: the checks that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock) |
|
|
Denaturing enzymes |
High temp and extreme of ph make enzymes change shape and can no longer work because the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
|
|
Amylase |
Is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. Is a carbohydrase that brakes drown starch into sugar (maltose) |
|
|
Protease |
Is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine Breaks down proteins into amino acids |
|
|
Lipase |
Is produced in the pancreas and small intestine Breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Bile |
A liquid made in the liver stored in the gall bladder Bile does not contain any enzymes, so it does not digest fact molecules. It just breaks up fat droplets into smaller ones |
|
|
Blood |
Blood is a tissue. It is made of a liquid called plasma which three different components suspended in it: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. |
|
|
Red blood cells |
Contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues and cells which need it for respiration. Does not contain a nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin. |
|
|
White blood cells |
Helps to protect the body against infections Can change shape so they can squeeze of blood vessels into the tissues of surround and engulf microorganisms |
|
|
Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
|
|
Platelets |
are fragments of cells which collect at wounds and trigger blood clotting |
|
|
Blood vessels |
The blood passed around the body in blood vessels. The body contains 3 types of blood vessels. Arteries veins and capillaries. |
|
|
Arteries |
Take blood from your heart to your organs. Thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres |
|
|
Veins |
Take blood from your organs to your heart. Thin walls and valves to prevent flowback. |
|
|
Capillaries |
Allow substances needed by the cells to pass out the blood. Allow substances produced by the cells to pass into the blood. Narrow thin walled blood vessels |
|
|
The heart |
The heart pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. Blood passes through the heart raise on each circuit around the body. There are 4 chambers in the heart |
|
|
4 chambers in the heatt |
The left and right atria which receive blood from veins. The left and right ventricles, which pumps the blood out into arteries. |
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|
Health |
Good health is a state of physical and mental wellbeing. |
|
|
Disease |
A disease is caused by part of the body not working properly. This can affect physical and or mental health. Disease can be divided into two main types: communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases. |
|
|
Non-communicable diseases and communicable diseases |
Non communicable can not be spread between organisms Communicable can |
|
|
Lock and key theory |
Is a model used to explain how enzymes work: the checks that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock) |
|
|
Cancer |
Cancer is a non-communicable disease. Cancer is caused by uncontrollable cell division this can form Masses of cells called tumours. There are two types of Tumours. |
|
|
Denaturing enzymes |
High temp and extreme of ph make enzymes change shape and can no longer work because the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
|
|
Amylase |
Is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. Is a carbohydrase that brakes drown starch into sugar (maltose) |
|
|
Protease |
Is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine Breaks down proteins into amino acids |
|
|
Lipase |
Is produced in the pancreas and small intestine Breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Bile |
A liquid made in the liver stored in the gall bladder Bile does not contain any enzymes, so it does not digest fact molecules. It just breaks up fat droplets into smaller ones |
|
|
Blood |
Blood is a tissue. It is made of a liquid called plasma which three different components suspended in it: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. |
|
|
Red blood cells |
Contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues and cells which need it for respiration. Does not contain a nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin. |
|
|
White blood cells |
Helps to protect the body against infections Can change shape so they can squeeze of blood vessels into the tissues of surround and engulf microorganisms |
|
|
Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
|
|
Platelets |
are fragments of cells which collect at wounds and trigger blood clotting |
|
|
Blood vessels |
The blood passed around the body in blood vessels. The body contains 3 types of blood vessels. Arteries veins and capillaries. |
|
|
Arteries |
Take blood from your heart to your organs. Thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres |
|
|
Veins |
Take blood from your organs to your heart. Thin walls and valves to prevent flowback. |
|
|
Capillaries |
Allow substances needed by the cells to pass out the blood. Allow substances produced by the cells to pass into the blood. Narrow thin walled blood vessels |
|
|
The heart |
The heart pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. Blood passes through the heart raise on each circuit around the body. There are 4 chambers in the heart |
|
|
4 chambers in the heatt |
The left and right atria which receive blood from veins. The left and right ventricles, which pumps the blood out into arteries. |
|
|
Health |
Good health is a state of physical and mental wellbeing. |
|
|
Disease |
A disease is caused by part of the body not working properly. This can affect physical and or mental health. Disease can be divided into two main types: communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases. |
|
|
Non-communicable diseases and communicable diseases |
Non communicable can not be spread between organisms Communicable can |
|
|
Lock and key theory |
Is a model used to explain how enzymes work: the checks that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock) |
|
|
Cancer |
Cancer is a non-communicable disease. Cancer is caused by uncontrollable cell division this can form Masses of cells called tumours. There are two types of Tumours. |
|
|
Benign tumours |
Do not spread around the body |
|
|
Denaturing enzymes |
High temp and extreme of ph make enzymes change shape and can no longer work because the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
|
|
Amylase |
Is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. Is a carbohydrase that brakes drown starch into sugar (maltose) |
|
|
Protease |
Is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine Breaks down proteins into amino acids |
|
|
Lipase |
Is produced in the pancreas and small intestine Breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Bile |
A liquid made in the liver stored in the gall bladder Bile does not contain any enzymes, so it does not digest fact molecules. It just breaks up fat droplets into smaller ones |
|
|
Blood |
Blood is a tissue. It is made of a liquid called plasma which three different components suspended in it: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets. |
|
|
Red blood cells |
Contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues and cells which need it for respiration. Does not contain a nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin. |
|
|
White blood cells |
Helps to protect the body against infections Can change shape so they can squeeze of blood vessels into the tissues of surround and engulf microorganisms |
|
|
Enzymes |
Enzymes are biological catalysts - they speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. Enzymes have a number of properties - they are all large proteins; there is a space within the protein molecules call the active site; each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction; they work best at a specific temp and ph called the optimum |
|
|
Platelets |
are fragments of cells which collect at wounds and trigger blood clotting |
|
|
Blood vessels |
The blood passed around the body in blood vessels. The body contains 3 types of blood vessels. Arteries veins and capillaries. |
|
|
Arteries |
Take blood from your heart to your organs. Thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres |
|
|
Veins |
Take blood from your organs to your heart. Thin walls and valves to prevent flowback. |
|
|
Capillaries |
Allow substances needed by the cells to pass out the blood. Allow substances produced by the cells to pass into the blood. Narrow thin walled blood vessels |
|
|
The heart |
The heart pumps blood around the body in a double circulatory system. Blood passes through the heart raise on each circuit around the body. There are 4 chambers in the heart |
|
|
4 chambers in the heatt |
The left and right atria which receive blood from veins. The left and right ventricles, which pumps the blood out into arteries. |
|
|
Health |
Good health is a state of physical and mental wellbeing. |
|
|
Disease |
A disease is caused by part of the body not working properly. This can affect physical and or mental health. Disease can be divided into two main types: communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases. |
|
|
Non-communicable diseases and communicable diseases |
Non communicable can not be spread between organisms Communicable can |
|
|
Lock and key theory |
Is a model used to explain how enzymes work: the checks that reacts is called the substrate (key) and it fits into the enzymes active site (lock) |
|
|
Cancer |
Cancer is a non-communicable disease. Cancer is caused by uncontrollable cell division this can form Masses of cells called tumours. There are two types of Tumours. |
|
|
Benign tumours |
Do not spread around the body |
|
|
Malignant tumours |
Spread in the blood to different parts of the body where can form secondary Tumours. |
|
|
Denaturing enzymes |
High temp and extreme of ph make enzymes change shape and can no longer work because the substrate cannot fit into the active site. |
|
|
Amylase |
Is produced in the salivary glands and the pancreas. Is a carbohydrase that brakes drown starch into sugar (maltose) |
|
|
Protease |
Is produced in the stomach, pancreas and small intestine Breaks down proteins into amino acids |
|
|
Lipase |
Is produced in the pancreas and small intestine Breaks down lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol |
|
|
Bile |
A liquid made in the liver stored in the gall bladder Bile does not contain any enzymes, so it does not digest fact molecules. It just breaks up fat droplets into smaller ones |
|
|
Cancer |
Cancer is a non-communicable disease. Cancer is caused by uncontrollable cell division this can form Masses of cells called tumours. There are two types of Tumours. Benign and malignant tumours |
|
|
Red blood cells |
Contain haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen to transport it from the lungs to the tissues and cells which need it for respiration. Does not contain a nucleus so there is more room for haemoglobin. |
|
|
White blood cells |
Helps to protect the body against infections Can change shape so they can squeeze of blood vessels into the tissues of surround and engulf microorganisms |
|
|
Pathogens and disease |
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases. They can spread by Direct contact, water or air, vectors (organs that carry and pass on the pathogen with getting the dresses) |
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Pathogens and disease |
Pathogens are microorganisms that cause infectious diseases. They can spread by Direct contact, water or air, vectors (organs that carry and pass on the pathogen with getting the dresses) |
|
|
The spread of infectious diseases can be reduced by? Y |
Simple hygiene measures. Destroying vectors. Isolating infected individuals. Giving people at risk a vaccination |
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Bacterial diseases |
Bacteria may damage cells directly or produce toxins that damage tissues. Such as salmonella and gonorrhoea. |
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|
Salmonella |
Is a type of food poisoning caused by bacteara. Bacteara is ingested in food that may not be cooked properly e.g chicken or eggs |
|
|
Salmonella |
Is a type of food poisoning caused by bacteara. Bacteara is ingested in food that may not be cooked properly e.g chicken or eggs |
|
|
Protists and disease |
Protists are single called organisms. However unlock bacteria they are eukaryotic. Example is malaria which uses a mosquito as a vector. It is passed on to a person when they are bitten by a mosquito. |
|
|
Salmonella |
Is a type of food poisoning caused by bacteara. Bacteara is ingested in food that may not be cooked properly e.g chicken or eggs |
|
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Protists and disease |
Protists are single called organisms. However unlock bacteria they are eukaryotic. Example is malaria which uses a mosquito as a vector. It is passed on to a person when they are bitten by a mosquito. |
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Fungal diseases |
Rose black spot is a fungal disease. It is carried when spores are carried from plant to plant by water or wind. Purple and black spots apear on leaves which often turn yellow and drop early |
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Salmonella |
Is a type of food poisoning caused by bacteara. Bacteara is ingested in food that may not be cooked properly e.g chicken or eggs |
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Protists and disease |
Protists are single called organisms. However unlock bacteria they are eukaryotic. Example is malaria which uses a mosquito as a vector. It is passed on to a person when they are bitten by a mosquito. |
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Fungal diseases |
Rose black spot is a fungal disease. It is carried when spores are carried from plant to plant by water or wind. Purple and black spots apear on leaves which often turn yellow and drop early |
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Preventing entry of pathogens |
The body has a number of non-specific defended again diseases. These are to stop them entering the body Skin, hair, the nose, tears to destroy microorganism, glans profuse hydrochloride acid which kills bacteria in food |
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The immune system |
If a pathogen enters the body, the immune system tried to destroy it. White blood cells help to defend against pathogens through: phagocytosis which involves the pathogen being surrounded engulfed and digested |
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Boosting immunity |
If the same pathogen re enters the body the white blood cell responds more quickly to produce the right anti body. This prevents getting ill and is called an immunity. |
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Antibodies |
The productions of proteins molecules called antibodies which attach to antigen molecules on the pathogen. Antibodies are specific to a particular pathogen e.g. antibodies against gonorrhoea bacteria will not attach to salmonella bacteria |
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Antibiotics |
Antibiotics are medicines that kill bacteria inside the body. However they cannot destroy viruses. |
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Developing new drugs |
There is a constant demand for new drugs. New drugs must be tested and trialed before being used to make sure they are safe. If it is found to be safe it will be tested on patients to see if it works and to see the optimum dose. These are normally double blinds. The doctors and the patients don’t know if they have the drug or if they have a placebo this is to make it fully fair. |
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Developing new drugs |
There is a constant demand for new drugs. New drugs must be tested and trialed before being used to make sure they are safe. If it is found to be safe it will be tested on patients to see if it works and to see the optimum dose. These are normally double blinds. The doctors and the patients don’t know if they have the drug or if they have a placebo this is to make it fully fair. |
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Monoclonal antibodies |
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single cell that has decided to make many cloned copies of its self. This antibodies bind to only one type of Antigen so they can be used to attack a specific chemical or cell. They are produced by combing mouse cells and a tumour cell to make a cell called hybridoma. They can be used for a number things. In pregnancy tests to bind to the hormone during pregnancy. To treat some disease, eg in cancer they can be used to deliver radioactive substances. |
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Detecting and identifying plant diseases |
There are a number of signs that a plant may be diseased: Stunted growth, spots on leaves, areas of decay, growth, malformed stems of leaves. To identify the disease a number of steps can be taken: consulting a gardening manual, take to a laboratory, using a testing kit. |
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Examples of plant diseases |
Tobacco mosaic virus- a widespread plant pathogen it infects tobacco plants and many other plants. It produces a distinct mosaic patters on leaves. It affects growth of plant due to lack of photosynthesis |
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Examples of plant diseases |
Tobacco mosaic virus- a widespread plant pathogen it infects tobacco plants and many other plants. It produces a distinct mosaic patters on leaves. It affects growth of plant due to lack of photosynthesis |
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Plant defences |
Physical : cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticles on leaves, layers of dead cells around the stem (bark on trees) Chemical defences: Antibacterial chemicals, poisons to deter herbivores. Adaptions: thorns, leaves that droop or curl when touched, mimicry to tick animals not to eat them |
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Photosynthesis |
Co2 + h2o -> c6h12o6 + o2 Is an endedothermic reaction - take in heat. The light required is gathered from the green chemical chlorophyll which is found in the chloroplast |
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Photosynthesis |
Co2 + h2o -> c6h12o6 + o2 Is an endedothermic reaction - take in heat. The light required is gathered from the green chemical chlorophyll which is found in the chloroplast |
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Factors affecting Photosynthesis |
The factor that stops the reaction going any faster is called a limiting factor. Temp - as temp goes up photosynthesis increases until 45 degrees when it hits 0 beciase the enzymes get denatured Co2 concentration - as the concentration of co2 goes up so does the rate - until a certain point where is makes no diffence. Light intensity- as light intensity goes up as does energy after a certain point. Chlorophyll concentration - this does not vary short term but changes plants growth |
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Respiration |
Respiration is an example of an exothermic reaction. It realeases energy from glucose molecules for use by the body Can be aerobic or anaerobic |
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Aerobic respiration |
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water |
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Anaerobic respiration |
The glucose are not completely broken down. This means it transfers much less energy that airrobic respiration. Different to plants and animals Animals: glucose -> lactic acid Plant: glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation |
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Photosynthesis |
Co2 + h2o -> c6h12o6 + o2 Is an endedothermic reaction - take in heat. The light required is gathered from the green chemical chlorophyll which is found in the chloroplast |
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Factors affecting Photosynthesis |
The factor that stops the reaction going any faster is called a limiting factor. Temp - as temp goes up photosynthesis increases until 45 degrees when it hits 0 beciase the enzymes get denatured Co2 concentration - as the concentration of co2 goes up so does the rate - until a certain point where is makes no diffence. Light intensity- as light intensity goes up as does energy after a certain point. Chlorophyll concentration - this does not vary short term but changes plants growth |
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Respiration |
Respiration is an example of an exothermic reaction. It realeases energy from glucose molecules for use by the body Can be aerobic or anaerobic |
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Aerobic respiration |
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water |
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Anaerobic respiration |
The glucose are not completely broken down. This means it transfers much less energy that airrobic respiration. Different to plants and animals Animals: glucose -> lactic acid Plant: glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation |
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Photosynthesis |
Co2 + h2o -> c6h12o6 + o2 Is an endedothermic reaction - take in heat. The light required is gathered from the green chemical chlorophyll which is found in the chloroplast |
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Factors affecting Photosynthesis |
The factor that stops the reaction going any faster is called a limiting factor. Temp - as temp goes up photosynthesis increases until 45 degrees when it hits 0 beciase the enzymes get denatured Co2 concentration - as the concentration of co2 goes up so does the rate - until a certain point where is makes no diffence. Light intensity- as light intensity goes up as does energy after a certain point. Chlorophyll concentration - this does not vary short term but changes plants growth |
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Respiration |
Respiration is an example of an exothermic reaction. It realeases energy from glucose molecules for use by the body Can be aerobic or anaerobic |
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Aerobic respiration |
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water |
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Anaerobic respiration |
The glucose are not completely broken down. This means it transfers much less energy that airrobic respiration. Different to plants and animals Animals: glucose -> lactic acid Plant: glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation |
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Exercise and respiration |
During exercise the body demands more energy so the rate of respiration needs increases. The heart rate, breathing rate, and breath volume all in reed to supply the muscles with more oxygen and glucose for the increase in aerobic respiration. |
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Photosynthesis |
Co2 + h2o -> c6h12o6 + o2 Is an endedothermic reaction - take in heat. The light required is gathered from the green chemical chlorophyll which is found in the chloroplast |
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Factors affecting Photosynthesis |
The factor that stops the reaction going any faster is called a limiting factor. Temp - as temp goes up photosynthesis increases until 45 degrees when it hits 0 beciase the enzymes get denatured Co2 concentration - as the concentration of co2 goes up so does the rate - until a certain point where is makes no diffence. Light intensity- as light intensity goes up as does energy after a certain point. Chlorophyll concentration - this does not vary short term but changes plants growth |
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Respiration |
Respiration is an example of an exothermic reaction. It realeases energy from glucose molecules for use by the body Can be aerobic or anaerobic |
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Aerobic respiration |
Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water |
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Anaerobic respiration |
The glucose are not completely broken down. This means it transfers much less energy that airrobic respiration. Different to plants and animals Animals: glucose -> lactic acid Plant: glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells is called fermentation |
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Exercise and respiration |
During exercise the body demands more energy so the rate of respiration needs increases. The heart rate, breathing rate, and breath volume all in reed to supply the muscles with more oxygen and glucose for the increase in aerobic respiration. |
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Why anaerobic respiration |
During intense exercise the muscles may not be supplied with enough exygen so anaerobic respiration starts take place in the muscles. This causes a build in lactic acids and create oxygen debt. The lactic acid causes the muscles to hit and stop contracting efficiently. Lactic acid is a poison so need to get rid of quickly. After exercise blood flowing through the muscles transport the lactic to the liver where it is broken down. |
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Metabolism |
Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell or in the body. These reaction are controlled by enzymes and many need a transfer of energy. |
